What are these aromatic molecules, and how do they interact with our minds? Terpenes are the fragrant essence of cannabis and other plant life, contributing to their unique aromas and playing a crucial role in the overall cannabis experience. These compounds also have properties that influence our central nervous system (CNS), giving them the ability to relieve stress and help keep the mind focused.
When consumed through methods like cannabis consumption, essential oil, or even diffusion, terpenes interact with specific receptors in our brains. This can lead to a cascade of effects, including:
Increased blood flow: Terpenes such as beta-caryophyllene are found in strains like Island Sweet Skunk, and can promote vasodilation by increasing blood flow to the brain.
Neurotransmitter modulation: Other terpenes like pinene, which is commonly found in sativa strains, can inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter for memory and focus.
Antioxidant properties: Terpenes like limonene, with its citrusy aroma reminiscent of orange peels, possess antioxidant qualities that protect brain cells from free radical damage, potentially improving cognitive function.
Now that we've gone over how these three terpenes can affect the CNS, let's go over them in more detail in the next section.
Ask a cannabis enthusiast, and they’ll quickly name cannabis products and strains that they swear by as a means to improve cognitive function or creativity. This is likely because they contain moderate to high concentrations of one or more of the terpenes below.
Limonene is the terpene that gives citrus fruits their characteristic aroma. It’s also found in other plants such as mint, rosemary, and cannabis. The potential health benefits offered by this terpene include anticancer and anxiolytic properties. It can also help users stay focused, elevate their mood, and improve skin health. Limonene is used as a flavoring agent, solvent, perfume ingredient, and insect repellent.
As its name suggests, pinene is a terpene with a piney, woody, and herbal scent. It’s one of the most common terpenes in nature, found in conifers, sage, rosemary, and basil. Pinene is being studied for various potential therapeutic effects, such as bronchodilatory and anxiety-reducing properties.
Users also report enhanced memory and alertness when using high-pinene EOs in aromatherapy. This terpene’s piney aroma makes it a popular fragrance component, flavoring agent, solvent, and organic insecticide.
Linalool is found in many plants such as lavender, basil, and coriander. It’s been shown to have sedative and antimicrobial effects, which puts it on the cannabis user’s shortlist for conditions like insomnia, pain, and skin irritation. Linalool is commonly used as a cosmetic ingredient, and has been a mainstay in natural remedies for centuries.
Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a terpene known for its piney and spicy aroma profile. It can be found in high concentrations in many botanical sources including black pepper, cloves, and rosemary.
Beta-caryophyllene is a unique terpene because it can directly activate the CB2 receptor in the endocannabinoid system, making it easier to affect its potential anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects. BCP may also help with anxiety, depression, and addiction.
If you're looking to improve focus using cannabis consumption rather than the use of say edibles or vape juice, you'll want to select your strain by its terpene profile rather than its smell, taste, or even reputation.
For focus enhancement, sativas generally take the lead over indicas, though it's not always a clear-cut answer. Because of their uplifting and energizing effects, the average sativa strain is often associated with cerebral stimulation, clarity, and alertness, potentially boosting attention and concentration. They typically contain high concentrations of so-called "focus terpenes."
A hybrid strain with predominantly cerebral sativa effects. It is a cross between G13 and Chemdawg 91, created by Barney’s Farm. It has a fast flowering time of 8-9 weeks and a high THC content of up to 29%. It has a lime aroma and a well-rounded taste that combines citrus, spicy, and herbal flavors. It is known for its energetic, focused, and uplifting effects that can help with stress, depression, and attention deficit disorders.
A sativa-dominant hybrid strain that is a cross between Big Buddha Cheese and the original Blueberry strain. Some argue that it is a cross between Blueberry and Cheese. It has a moderate to high THC content of around 20%, and a low CBD content of less than 1%. It has a sweet and fruity aroma and a creamy and cheesy taste that resembles a blueberry cheesecake. It is known for its relaxing, euphoric, and creative effects that can help with stress, pain, and insomnia.
An indica-dominant hybrid strain that is a cross between Granddaddy Purple and Larry OG. It has a high THC content of up to 25%, and a low CBD content of less than 1%. It has a complex aroma that mixes berries, grapes, and cookies. It has a sweet and sour taste that is reminiscent of a fruit punch. It is known for its sedating, soothing, and mood-enhancing effects that can help with stress, depression, and pain.
If, on the other hand, you'd rather improve your concentration and focus via aromatherapy sessions, consider the use of EOs high in the focus-enhancing terpenes we discussed above. These include:
Lemon essential oil is extracted from the rinds of fresh citrus fruits, and offers a range of potential benefits. Its zesty, invigorating scent makes it popular in aromatherapy for mood elevation and stress reduction. This is why diffusing the oil in your home or workplace can create a refreshing atmosphere.
Beyond its aromatic properties, lemon EO possesses natural antibacterial and antifungal properties. This makes it a viable ingredient in commercial as well as DIY cleaning solutions — allowing for surface disinfection, fabric freshening, or even stubborn residue removal.
When well diluted, lemon essential oil can be beneficial for skin health. It's commonly used for managing acne, controlling oiliness, and even reducing the appearance of age spots. Its astringent properties also contribute to pore tightening, which promotes a healthy and radiant complexion.
Camphor essential oil is typically sourced from the wood of the Cinnamomum camphora tree, and boasts a unique, penetrating aroma with medicinal undertones. This distinctive scent belies its diverse potential benefits, as well as the need for caution when experimenting with its potent effect profile.
In aromatherapy, camphor EO is a go-to for its stimulating and invigorating properties. It can help clear the mind, promote alertness, or alleviate mild cases of respiratory congestion. Diffusing or inhaling diluted camphor oil would make a great midweek reset ritual for hardworking individuals.
Topically, camphor is very well known for affecting significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions on sore muscles. When diluted and applied with care, it can help soothe aches, joint pain, and itching caused by insect bites. However, it's crucial to put it through proper dilution and skin testing to avoid irritation.
Clove essential oil is often extracted from the dried flower buds of the clove tree, and packs a powerful punch. Its aroma is both spicy and warm, hinting at its potential uses and BCP content.
Clove oil's most celebrated property is its soothing analgesic effect. When diluted and applied topically, it can effectively numb pain associated with toothaches, muscle aches, and headaches.
Beyond pain relief, clove oil also exhibits antimicrobial and antifungal properties, maiing it a valuable addition to natural cleaning solutions for surface disinfection or mold prevention.
People who swear by a can of Red Bull might wonder whether terpenes are worth using for improving focus. To close out the post, let's briefly compare the pros and cons of terpenes vs. stimulants.
Stimulants such as caffeine and amphetamines directly increase dopamine and norepinephrine in the nervous system, which are crucial for alertness and motivation. They offer a quick jolt of focus, but this surge often comes with side effects such as jitters, anxiety, or energy crashes that can leave you feeling burnt out.
Terpenes, on the other hand, take a more subtle route via the endocannabinoid system, influencing mood and cognitive function. Unlike stimulants, terpenes aren't forceful; they gently nudge the brain toward focus by promoting clarity without the jittery highs and lows. This makes them a viable alternative for sustained focus, particularly for individuals sensitive to side effects from stimulants.
Ultimately, what you should take for focus depends on your individual needs and preferences. Both options come with their own considerations, so it's a good idea to consult a healthcare professional before diving headfirst into either!
]]>This article explores these natural sedatives — exploring their synergistic effects, individual properties, and botanical sources aside from cannabis.
Not all terpenes are created equal, and this is true for botanically-derived. While some have shown potential as natural appetite suppressants, others are better suited for lifting your mood or levels of creativity.
Three well-known terpenes with proven soothing properties are:
Linalool is arguably the most prolific of sedative terpenes and imparts a sensation similar to a warm hug to the nervous system. Its ability to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation has been well-documented, preparing the body and mind for restful sleep. Linalool is abundantly found in lavender essential oil, hops, and even some cannabis strains like OG Kush and Lullaby.
Myrcene packs a powerful sedative punch with its earthy, herbal aroma. Studies suggest this potent terpene enhances relaxation, eases muscle tension, and even manages chronic pain, which can contribute to deep sleep. Mangoes, hops, and many indica-dominant cannabis strains like Granddaddy Purple and Northern Lights are rich in myrcene, making them popular choices for nighttime use.
Caryophyllene is a peppery terpene with a spicy kick, offering analgesic properties that can address underlying inflammatory disorders and indirectly promote sleep by removing physical discomfort. Black pepper, cloves, and strains like Sour Diesel and Chemdawg are good botanical sources of caryophyllene.
While these three heavyweights take the spotlight, other terpenes like limonene — with its uplifting citrusy scent and stress-relieving properties — and terpinolene, a rare terpene with powerful sedative effects, can also contribute to a peaceful night's sleep.
Terpenes promote relaxation via the so-called "entourage effect," where terpenes work synergistically to amplify each other's beneficial interaction with the central nervous system. For example, linalool's calming properties can be enhanced by myrcene's relaxant effect on the brain's GABA system, creating a more potent sleep aid.
If you aren't impressed yet, this concept expands beyond cannabis: blending lavender essential oil with chamomile tea (which is high in limonene) or using a sleep-specific essential oil blend infused with multiple calming terpenes can offer a powerful natural sleep remedy that lifts the mood at the same time.
In most cases, a cannabis indica or indica-dominant hybrid is a better bet for sleep than cannabis sativa, given their higher THC content synergizes well with their most abundant terpenes to produce sedative or relaxant effects.
Let's look at three examples below.
Myrcene is the most abundant terpene in this indica strain. Its high hits fast, with a wave of euphoria washing over you, melting away stress and replacing it with deep relaxation. You may get the munchies and the giggles, but sleep welcomes you with open arms.
Granddaddy Purple is a perfect nightcap, but its chronic pain-relieving qualities can also make it a daytime favorite for many.
A true indica king hailing from the Hindu Kush mountains, Master Kush unlocks a deep relaxation, with a wave of euphoria washing over you like a warm bath. Think happy, heavy body buzz that might pin you to the couch, but in the best way possible. Expect a blissful descent into sleep, perfect for unwinding after a long day.
Inhale earthy hash, exhale chocolate, and coffee whispers. Bubba Kush's high comes on slowly, sinking through your body like warm honey. Muscles melt, stress crumbles and euphoria blankets your mind. Bubba Kush is the ultimate chill pill, perfect for unwinding after a long day or for easing aches and restlessness.
For people unable to stay asleep at night, it’s become increasingly common to look to conventional sleep aids for help. But before taking a pill, consider turning to a more natural potential solution: terpenes. Let's compare their respective pros and cons.
Fast-acting: makes users sleepy within minutes or hours, ideal for immediate relief
Effective: able to significantly improve sleep quality for many users
Precise dosage: tablets or capsules are available in standardized dose sizes
Side effects: drowsiness, headaches, dizziness, and eventual dependence are common
Addiction potential: after long-term use, some experience dependence or withdrawal symptoms
Drug interactions: likely to have adverse interactions when combined with other medications
Natural and gentle: offers milder side effects since they’re plant-derived
Holistic benefits: various terpenes address additional potentially underlying issues such as anxiety, stress, and muscle pain
Synergy potential: by combining several terpenes, users can create a stronger sleep-inducing effect with added benefits
Slower onset: may take more time to experience full benefits or fall asleep and may require consistent use
Varied effectiveness: individual responses can differ based on genetics and terpene combination
Dosage uncertainty: concentrations in natural sources vary, making precise dosing challenging
Terpenes and conventional sleep aids can work as a pathway to sound slumber, but choosing between the two requires an honest cost-benefit analysis. If you're struggling with occasional sleep disruptions and a quick fix is the priority, conventional aids might be the better choice. However, those considering long-term sleep solutions might find terpenes or essential oils to be intriguing natural alternatives, especially with their added holistic benefits and minimal risk of side effects or dependency.
It's worth noting that the effects of terpenes can vary between individuals. A combination of linalool and pinene can lengthen sleep duration for one person but could perk another up. Instead of blindly following word-of-mouth recommendations, rely on personal experimentation when trying sedative terpenes.
The first step is understanding your sleep patterns and any underlying issues that may contribute to their irregularity. Do you struggle with anxiety-induced sleeplessness, general insomnia, or restlessness caused by pain? Identifying the root cause of irregular sleep can help guide your terpene choices. For example, myrcene's muscle-relaxing properties could significantly relieve pain-related sleep disruptions for some people. While for others, linalool's calming effects might be best for sleeplessness caused by anxiety.
Being honest and transparent with your health professional is crucial when determining a suitable course of therapeutic supplements. Allergies, medical conditions, and existing medications can affect how your body reacts to individual terpenes. Ensure your journey to a good night’s rest is safe and effective by seeking guidance via medical consultation first.
Remember that finding the perfect terpene blend is not an exact science, so embrace the journey. Listen to how your body responds to different terpene sources and combinations. With some experimentation and patience, you'll soon be on your way to sweet, uninterrupted dreams.
]]>Up until recently, most cannabis users attributed the smell of weed to aromatic compounds present in the trichomes, which are known as terpenes.
New scientific discoveries have revealed the key culprit behind this distinctive scent, which is noticeable across virtually all cannabis cultivars. Contrary to popular opinion, terpenes play a relatively minor role in the smell of skunk, while other compounds take center stage. If you’re intrigued, read on to find out more!
The skunky smell of cannabis is primarily due to 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol (321 MBT), a volatile sulfur compound, not terpenes, as previously believed.
Earlier studies inaccurately attributed the skunk-like odor to terpenes.
New sophisticated research methods have revealed 321 MBT as the main contributor to cannabis's distinctive skunk aroma.
This finding opens possibilities for breeding cannabis strains with varying levels of 321 MBT - perhaps even eliminating the unpleasant skunky smell.
Understanding VSCs like 321 MBT in cannabis can influence future cultivation, product development, and regulatory aspects of cannabis odor control.
For years, the skunk-like odor of cannabis was attributed to significant aroma compounds such as terpenes, which are responsible for most plant fragrances.
While terps like myrcene undoubtedly contribute to the overall scent profile of cannabis, earlier research failed to pinpoint the specific compound responsible for cannabis’ pungent, sulfurous notes.
This highlighted the limitations of earlier techniques in their ability to detect compounds in an odor compositional analysis.
The true story of cannabis's skunkiness emerged from two independent research groups, each armed with advanced analysis techniques such as two-dimensional gas chromatography. Their investigations unearthed high concentrations of a surprising culprit: 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol (321 MBT), a molecule belonging to a family of prenylated volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). Notably, VSCs are also found in pungent foods like garlic, hops, and — of course — the defensive spray of skunks.
The identification of 321 MBT as the primary contributor to cannabis emissions of skunk sent waves through the scientific community, as multiple studies reached the same major conclusion. Unlike terpenes, which typically contribute floral, citrusy, and even peppery notes, VSCs possess a distinctive sulfur aroma. By isolating and adding 321 MBT to a blend of other cannabis aroma compounds, researchers convincingly replicated the characteristic skunk smell, confirming its starring role.
The research groups also discovered that 321 MBT production fluctuates throughout the cannabis growth cycle. During the crucial flowering stage and subsequent curing process, levels of this volatile compound significantly increase, explaining why skunkiness intensifies as the plant matures. This finding opens up fascinating possibilities for manipulating VSC levels in future cannabis cultivation practices.
Before the revelation of 321 MBT as the culprit behind cannabis's skunky aroma, research into this characteristic scent faced several hurdles due to the limitations of the techniques employed at the time. Let’s briefly break down some of the primary issues below.
While GC-MS remains a versatile analytical tool, it wasn't always sophisticated enough to dissect the complex aroma cocktail of the cannabis experience fully.
Earlier versions lacked the separation power and sensitivity needed to quantify minor yet impactful odor-contributing compounds like 321 MBT, which exists in trace amounts within the plant.
Terpenes, which are particularly abundant in cannabis, were initially suspected as the sole source of the skunk. However, terpenes and VSCs like 321 MBT share overlapping chemical properties, making their distinction difficult with older GC-MS technology.
This led to the misattribution of the skunk odor to terpenes for a long time, masking the actual culprit.
Traditional GC-MS analyses primarily focus on chemical identification, lacking the capability to perceive or characterize odors directly.
This posed a challenge in linking specific compounds like 321 MBT to the perceived skunk aroma, as odor perception is subjective and influenced by the individual olfactory detector.
Cannabis releases volatile emissions when broken down or vaporized, and capturing these fleeting molecules for analysis can be challenging.
Traditional analytical chemistry often relied on less efficient methods, potentially missing key odor-contributing components or altering their concentrations during the capture process, resulting in incomplete or inaccurate data.
Past research by the American Chemical Society often prioritized major, readily detectable compounds like terpenes while overlooking the potential contributions of comparatively minor components like 321 MBT.
This resulted in neglecting the skunk note as a significant aspect of the cannabis aroma profile, perpetuating a degree of mystery surrounding its origin.
The recent unmasking of a prenyl functional group like 321 MBT isn't just a scientific triumph; it holds tremendous promise for the future of cannabis cultivation and consumption.
Imagine a new family of strains engineered to be less pungent, catering to individuals sensitive to the skunk smell or even for discreet consumption in public settings! Cultivators could also aim for strains boasting enhanced levels of 321 MBT, catering to connoisseurs who appreciate its bold character.
Beyond odor control, understanding the chemistry of VSCs in cannabis can open doors to exploring their potential medicinal properties.
Similar compounds in garlic display antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities, hinting at avenues for further research into the therapeutic potential of VSCs found in cannabis.
The implications of VSCs extend beyond the cultivation stage and into product development. Advancement in odor control technologies and air filtration systems, informed by understanding VSC emissions, could significantly reduce cannabis-related odor complaints, mitigating social and regulatory concerns.
Our newfound understanding of VSCs in cannabis represents a significant step forward in our knowledge of this complex plant. As research continues, the knowledge gleaned from VSCs and their role in cannabis could shape the future of cultivation, consumption, and even medical applications. Browse the True Blue blog for more explainers on cannabis compounds, as well as individual terpene profiles!
]]>From its refreshing camphoraceous smell to its potential role in alleviating pain and inflammation, camphene draws significant attention from natural medicine and aromatherapy.
Conifers stand out as particularly prolific sources of this terpene. Douglas fir, an evergreen native to North America, produces needles and cones yielding significant quantities of camphene. It's also found in rosemary and chrysanthemum, a widely cultivated flower known for its beauty and medicinal properties.
Extracting camphene from natural sources involves various methods tailored to specific plant materials. Steam distillation is a gentle and efficient technique commonly used to isolate camphene from conifer needles. Methods such as solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction may be more appropriate for other plant materials.
Camphene has a distinctively pungent smell, often described as camphoraceous, woody, and slightly balsamic. This aromatic fragrance is reminiscent of pine needles and camphor (which is also high in borneol).
On the palate, camphene is arguably the most recognizable plant-derived monoterpene around.
Camphoraceous notes mingle with woody undertones, creating an earthy and refreshing flavor profile.
While camphene's taste profile may not be universally appealing, its distinctiveness certainly contributes to the sensory experience of plants containing it.
Camphene stands out among other terpenes for more reasons than just its flavor and aroma. Its unique effect profile also offers a promising natural approach to many common ailments, including:
Pain Relief: It's one of the only terpenes demonstrating viability for infusion into topical analgesics and natural remedies due to its pain-relieving potential observed across several published studies.
Antioxidant Activity: Camphene also exhibits antioxidant capabilities, potentially protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals.
Antimicrobial Properties: Camphene has shown promise as an antimicrobial agent in studies exploring its effectiveness against fungi and bacteria. These suggest it may be helpful in more than muscle aches when applied topically.
Cardiovascular Benefits: It also reduces plasma cholesterol in animal studies, which may contribute to camphene's potential role in treating cardiovascular disease.
Respiratory Applications: Camphene's anti-congestive properties may provide relief from respiratory conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. Its potential as an expectorant may also aid in clearing mucus from the airways and battling respiratory illnesses.
Skin Care Potential: Camphene's antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties suggest its potential use in skin care products. It may aid in treating acne, athlete's foot, and other skin conditions.
These potential health benefits highlight the promising therapeutic potential of camphene, although further research is warranted to explore the camphene's mechanisms of action and efficacy fully.
Conifers and rosemary aside, camphene (among several other terpenes) can also be found in select cannabis cultivars. Let's go over three camphene-rich strains below.
ACDC is a high-CBD, low-THC strain known for its mild, earthy flavor with hints of citrus and pine. Its aroma is subtle, combining sweet and woody notes. Due to its low psychoactive content, ACDC induces minimal intoxication, making it popular for medicinal users seeking pain or anxiety relief without an intense high.
Mendocino Purps is a less popular strain of the cannabis plant, offering a delightful fusion of berry and grape flavors with earthy undertones. Its aroma is rich and fruity, with hints of pine and skunk. This indica-dominant strain is celebrated for its calming effects, inducing a relaxed body sensation and easing stress. Users report it has significant potential in promoting sleep, making it a popular choice for insomnia.
Banana Kush is celebrated for its tropical and fruity flavor reminiscent of ripe bananas, with palpable musky undertones. A sweet blend of fruitiness and subtle herbal quality characterizes its aroma. Effects include a euphoric and cerebral experience perfect for stress relief, mood enhancement, and relaxation, often leaving users with a sense of contentment and mild sedation.
To infuse camphene into your topicals or aromatherapy blends, consider using any of the four essential oils (EOs) below.
Citronella is distilled from Asian grasses and boasts a lemony, refreshing scent. While it's known as a natural insect repellent, its calming aroma can also uplift mood and reduce stress. It possesses antifungal and wound-healing properties, making it a versatile essential oil around the house.
Sage has an earthy, herbaceous scent, offering a calming and refreshing experience. It boasts antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful for skin care and minor ailments.
Holy basil is distilled from the popular tulsi plant and carries a sweet, spicy aroma with a touch of clove-like warmth. Its calming and uplifting scent eases anxiety and promotes mental clarity.
Camphor is known for its strong, penetrating aroma. Its unique dual action cools and warms almost simultaneously, relieving pain and easing muscle stiffness. This EO's antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties offer additional benefits for skin and respiratory conditions.
Camphene's versatility extends beyond its potential medicinal benefits, with industrial applications going back centuries. Because it can be distilled from turpentine, camphene was used alongside whale oil in the 1800s as a natural lamp oil.
To close out this profile, let's look at two other notable applications:
Flavoring Agent: Camphene's unique flavor profile adds a deliciously novel twist to many food products. It imparts an earthy and herbaceous flavor to beverages, confectionery, and everyday household staples such as curries.
Deep-Tissue Massage: As a proven topical analgesic, camphene makes a fantastic complement to a massage balm and an all-natural alternative to icy-hot patches. Incorporate a camphene-rich EO in your next rubdown, and thank us later!
We hope this primer has given you an idea of the stellar versatility of camphene, which can be used for anything from enhancing the flavor of food to promoting overall well-being.
Try the True-Blue sample builder to see what other terps you might want to know about!
]]>Humulene is an aromatic terpene found in cannabis, hops, herbs, and spices. Renowned for its earthy, spicy scent and aroma profile, humulene isn't just a flavor enhancer; it's also a potential powerhouse of health benefits.
From its potential role as an appetite suppressant to its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, humulene is a fascinating sesquiterpene with a promising future in wellness.
Humulene (or alpha-humulene) can be found and extracted from many common plants.
These include:
Ginseng (Panax ginseng): Humulene is in ginseng root, a revered herb in traditional Chinese medicine. Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic and immunity-boosting effects.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale): The terpene is also present in ginger, contributing to its spicy, pungent flavor. Ginger has been used for centuries for its unique flavor and medicinal properties.
Marijuana Plants (Cannabis sativa): It's also notably present in various cannabis strains, particularly those with indica or hybrid genetics . It contributes to the earthy, woody aroma of the cannabis plant and may influence its therapeutic effects.
Sage (Salvia officinalis): Finally, humulene is a key component of sage essential oil, imparting its spicy, herbaceous scent. Sage has been used traditionally for its culinary and medicinal properties.
Humulene is characterized by an earthy, woody aroma with hints of spice and pepper. In the kitchen, it's often described as having a warm or "balsamic" scent, while it's often described as "skunky" in the context of cannabis smoking or vaping.
Humulene’s flavor is spicy or peppery. It can also impart a slightly bitter taste, particularly in high concentrations.
If you're looking to incorporate high-humulene strain profiles in your next vaping session, be ready for an ample throat hit.
Similarly to many plant compounds, alpha-humulene has garnered attention for its potential health benefits, suggesting its viability as a natural therapeutic agent.
While research into these benefits is still ongoing, humulene has demonstrated promising effects in various areas , including:
Humulene may contribute to appetite suppression, potentially aiding in weight management efforts. Studies have shown that humulene affects the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a cytokine involved in appetite regulation.
It may also possess mild sedative effects, promoting relaxation and calmness. Several humulene-rich cannabis strains are known to cause feelings of drowsiness, backing scientific literature suggesting that the terpene may have a role in influencing sleep.
If you aren't impressed yet, emerging research suggests it has a potential role in cancer therapy.
Recent pharmaceutical research suggests humulene may contribute to apoptosis, a programmed cell death mechanism, via its inhibitory effect on Akt signaling.
Let’s hope more research in this area continues to find positive affects.
Like other terpenes, humulene also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, potentially alleviating symptoms associated with chronic inflammation.
The 2009 study Preventive and Therapeutic Anti-inflammatory Properties of the Sesquiterpene a-Humulene in Experimental Airways Allergic Inflammation found that the terpene shows an ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
It's important to note that research into the therapeutic benefits of terpenes is in its relative infancy compared to other plant compounds, which means time and significantly more scientific literature will be needed to understand the therapeutic efficacy of humulene fully.
If you'd like to see what this terpene can do for you outside the crock pot, there's no shortage of marijuana varieties loaded with humulene. Let's look at three popular strains high in this cannabis terpene below.
Thin Mint GSC , a potent hybrid cannabis strain, packs a minty punch. Imagine biting into a dark green, frosty bud, tasting sweet chocolate and cool mint with earthy undertones.
The aroma? Think freshly baked cookies wafting through the air.
Also get ready for a balanced high: uplifting euphoria mingles with deep relaxation, melting away stress and leaving you feeling happy, creative, and stimulated.
Remember, Thin Mint hits hard, so start slow and savor the ride.
Bubba Kush is often described as earthy heaven in a bud. Each inhale is a smooth blend of chocolate and spice, leaving a dank and peppery finish. Then, the indica magic hits; muscles melt, worries fade, and a blissful euphoria descends. You're couch-locked, but not in a bad way. Think cozy blanket, warm fireplace, and a smile slowly spreading across your face.
Imagine sparkling white trichomes clinging to lime green buds, promising a piney punch with hints of lemon and spice. Crack one open, and the aroma explodes — fresh earth, citrus zest, and a skunky undercurrent. Brace yourself, as this balanced hybrid packs a THC punch.
It's a heady rush at first, leaving you energized and creative before tension melts away and you're awash in a calming euphoria.
White Widow is the perfect social lubricant, helping you connect and lose yourself in the moment. Just remember it can leave you chatty, so choose your company wisely.
Humulene is available in high concentrations in clove (Syzygium aromaticum), basil (Ocimum gratissimum), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) essential oils. In aromatherapy, these oils are good choices for mellowing out and finding inner peace after a hectic day.
For topical use, these oils are best used for treating wounds or insect bites, calming skin irritation, and for deep tissue massages. Their high humulene content gives them solid antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential.
Beyond its potential therapeutic applications, humulene is currently utilized in various industries for its unique properties.
Let's look at the most notable ones below.
Biofuel production: Humulene can be produced by microorganisms from waste cooking oil, a renewable and low-cost feedstock. This process can reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels and provide a sustainable energy source.
Food and beverages: Humulene's flavor profile makes it a valuable ingredient in the food and beverage industry. It's used in brewing — particularly craft beers — to impart earthy, spicy notes. High-humulene ingredients are also used extensively in culinary applications, adding a unique flavor dimension to various dishes.
Perfumery: Its woody, spicy aroma makes it a popular ingredient in the cosmetics and fragrance industries. It's often used in perfumes and colognes to add fragrance, depth, and complexity. Humulene's potential therapeutic properties are also being explored in developing skincare products.
Agricultural industry: Humulene is a potential biopesticide due to its antibacterial properties. It could offer a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides in agriculture.
Textiles: Humulene can be used as a natural dye for textiles, as it can impart a yellowish or brownish color to fabrics such as cotton, wool, or silk. Humulene can also improve the durability and quality of textiles, protecting them from UV rays, insects, and microbes.
We hope this primer has given you a greater appreciation for humulene, as well as the plant ingredients and cannabis strains high in it!
Check out the rest of the True-Blue blog for more terpene profiles.
]]>Whether you know it or not, it's highly likely that the caryophyllene terpene — also known as beta-caryophyllene or simply BCP — is likely a mainstay in your kitchen! The terp is in a surprising number of culinary staples, including:
Cloves are the dried flower buds of the Syzygium aromaticum tree. They are known as the richest source of caryophyllene because of their impressive concentration of up to 10% of the terpene. Their warm, spicy aroma is attributed to the terpene's abundance and is a cornerstone of culinary traditions worldwide. Cloves add a distinctive touch to favorites, including gingerbread cookies, curries, and mulled wine.
Black Pepper is derived from Piper nigrum berries and makes caryophyllene in large amounts, contributing to its characteristic pungency. The woody, earthy notes of caryophyllene mingle with the heat of piperine, the alkaloid responsible for pepper's spiciness, to create its well-known flavor profile.
Hops comes from the Humulus lupulus plant and is responsible for many beers' distinctive bitterness and aroma. While caryophyllene isn't as abundant as in cloves or black pepper, it still contributes to the earthy, herbal notes of hops. This adds depth and complexity to beer's taste profile.
It's worth noting that these aren't the only commonly accessed sources of caryophyllene. Even rosemary and cannabis plants can contain significant quantities, depending on the source or strain.
Caryophyllene gives off a spicy, peppery, and woody aroma. It contributes to the invigorating scent of freshly ground black pepper, the warm earthiness of cloves, and the subtle woodiness of certain cannabis strains. Its smell is refreshing and comforting, adding dimension to its fragrance.
Caryophyllene delivers the warm, lingering spice of cloves, the subtle pepperiness of caryophyllene-heavy cannabis strains, and the hint of earthiness in black peppercorns. This terpene's peppery notes can add an intriguing layer to any flavor profile, making it an easy way to create memorable and distinctive dishes.
Caryophyllene has garnered attention for its various potential health benefits. This terpene may offer therapeutic properties for a range of conditions.
Let's briefly go over some of these properties below.
The anti-inflammatory properties of caryophyllene make it a potential candidate for pain management. Like linalool , it effectively reduces chronic pain associated with arthritis and other inflammatory conditions via its interaction with endocannabinoid receptors, specifically the CB2 receptors.
Its anxiolytic and antidepressant effects may offer potential relief for those struggling with mood disorders. A 2014 study titled Anxiety Therapeutic Interventions of β-Caryophyllene: A Laboratory-Based Study suggests that caryophyllene may interact with specific cannabinoid receptors in the endocannabinoid system, modulating mood and positively enabling multiple behavioral changes.
The terpene's ability to modulate immune responses may also benefit overall immune health, effectively boosting the immune system's ability to fight off infections and diseases.
Antispasmodic properties exhibited by caryophyllene may relieve digestive issues such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It does this by helping to relax digestive tract muscles , reducing symptoms like cramping and bloating.
While research into caryophyllene's health benefits is still ongoing, it holds promising therapeutic potential without contributing any psychoactive or addictive effects. As studies continue to explore its mechanisms of action and analgesic properties , this terpene may play an increasingly prominent role in complementary and alternative medicine.
As enjoyable as caryophyllene can be in a salad or vinaigrette, there's plenty of benefit to enjoying it in caryophyllene-dominant strains of recreational or medical cannabis, which has synergistic potential with other terpenes. These strains include:
Jack Herer is a Sativa-dominant hybrid with a citrusy, piney, and skunky aroma profile. Its flavor profile is similar, with hints of spice and sweetness. This strain produces a balanced and uplifting high, stimulating creativity and conversation while relaxing the body and mind. Jack Herer is popular among medical and recreational users, as it can help with pain, anxiety, and loss of appetite. It's won nine Cannabis Cup titles, and spawned many crossbred strains.
Chemdawg smells strongly of diesel and pine, with palpable earthy notes. Its flavor is similar, albeit more pungent and sour taste that lingers on the tongue. Chemdawg produces a cerebral high described as uplifting, euphoric, creative, and relaxing. Some users report experiencing a body buzz and a couch-lock effect from this strain, especially in higher doses.
Chemdawg is a popular cannabis strain among growers, breeders, and consumers, as it has given rise to many other famous strains, such as Sour Diesel and Girl Scout Cookies . It's a strain that more than deserves its legendary status, offering a unique and enjoyable experience for cannabis lovers.
OG Kush has a distinctive aroma of earthy and sour notes with hints of pine and citrus. The flavor is skunky and pungent, leaving a lingering aftertaste. The effects of this strain are pronounced yet balanced, combining cerebral euphoria with physical relaxation.
OG Kush can make you feel happy, hungry, relaxed — even a little flirty — but also creative and uplifted. It's a popular choice for medical and recreational users alike, as its terpene profile can help with depression, stress, and pain.
If you prefer to enjoy your terpenes via aromatherapy or topical application (think infused bath products), here are three notable essential oils you can use to enjoy the benefits of caryophyllene:
Sage (Salvia officinalis)is a culinary and medicinal herb native to the Mediterranean region. Sage essential oil is extracted from the leaves and flowering tops of the sage plant and has a long history of use in traditional medicine. It's known for its wide range of potential health benefits, including its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It's generally safe for most people when used topically in diluted form.
Japanese Spicebush (Lindera strychnifolia) essential oil is a fragrant and versatile oil linked to many potential health benefits. Traditionally used in Chinese medicine, Japanese spicebush exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. It has also shown promise in promoting hair growth, reducing skin irritation, and alleviating pain.
While generally safe for topical use, this essential oil should be diluted with a carrier oil and avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata) essential oil is a natural extract derived from the leaves and roots of the spearmint plant. It's prized for its refreshing aroma and potential health benefits and for being rich in bioactive compounds, including carvone, limonene, and linalool. These compounds contribute to its diverse therapeutic properties.
Spearmint essential oil is often used in aromatherapy to relieve headaches, nausea, and respiratory congestion. It's also employed in topical applications to soothe muscle aches, skin irritations, and insect bites. This essential oil is considered safe for most individuals when used sparingly. However, diluting the oil with a carrier oil before it makes contact with your skin is crucial.
Caryophyllene has an impressive number of applications in various industries, extending beyond its therapeutic potential. Its unique aroma and flavor make it a valuable ingredient in many products.
To close out this post, let's look at some of caryophyllene's most notable industrial applications below.
Caryophyllene’s spicy, earthy notes enhance the flavor profile of various food and drink items. It's used as a flavoring agent in spices, condiments, and beverages, adding depth and complexity to a wide variety of culinary creations.
Caryophyllene has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular active ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products. It's used in products designed to soothe and protect the skin, while its spicy aroma adds an invigorating dimension to perfumes and hair care products.
Research into caryophyllene's therapeutic properties has drawn attention to its viability as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects hold promise for many health applications.
This terpene is also a natural insecticide, making it a valuable tool in organic agriculture and pest control. It naturally deters insects from attacking crops without harming them, making it an eco-friendly pest control alternative.
If you want to see what caryophyllene terpene can do for you outside of weed, edibles, and the dining room, check out our terpene boiling points guide before trying your hand at terpene-infused DIY cartridges!
]]>Terpenes are volatile aromatic metabolites that are produced by plants and some animals. They are responsible for the distinctive smells and flavors of many plants, such as pine trees, lavender, citrus fruits, and of course, cannabis. Terpenes are also found in essential oils and cannabis oil, and are used for aromatherapy, perfumery, and medicine.
Terpenes play a crucial role in the effects and benefits of cannabis. Terpenes interact with cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, as well as the endocannabinoid system in our bodies, which regulates various physiological and psychological functions. This interaction is known as the entourage effect, which means that the whole plant is greater than the sum of its parts.
According to Dr. Ethan Russo, a neurologist and cannabis researcher, “terpenoids and cannabinoids both increase blood flow, enhance cortical activity, and kill respiratory pathogens." He also suggests that terpenes can modulate the effects of THC (the psychoactive compound in cannabis) on cannabinoid receptors, such as reducing anxiety and increasing euphoria.
Some of the most prevalent terpenes found in cannabis are:
Myrcene: The most abundant terpene in cannabis, myrcene has a musky and earthy aroma. It is known for its sedative effects and its ability to enhance the potency of THC. Myrcene is also found in mangoes, lemongrass, and hops.
Limonene: As the name suggests, limonene has a citrusy smell and flavor. It is associated with uplifting and energizing effects, as well as anti-anxiety and anti-depressant properties. Limonene is also found in lemon peels, oranges, and rosemary.
Pinene: Pinene has a piney and fresh scent. It is known for its anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects, as well as its ability to counteract the memory impairment caused by THC. Pinene is also found in pine needles, rosemary, and basil.
Non-synthetic terpenes are measured by extracting them from the cannabis plant using solvents or separation methods, such as ethanol, CO2, or steam distillation. The extracted terpenes are typically analyzed using instrumentational methods like gas chromatography (GC) or mass spectrometry (MS), which can separate and identify the different chemical compounds present in the sample.
The result of this analysis is the creation of terpene profiles, which show the percentage of each terpene present in the cannabis flower. For example, a terpene profile of OG Kush might look something like this:
Myrcene: 40%
Limonene: 20%
Caryophyllene: 15%
Linalool: 10%
Pinene: 5%
Other terpenes: 10%
The terpene profile can vary depending on several factors that influence the production and retention of abundant terpenes in marijuana strains. These include:
Genetics: Different strains have different genetic predispositions to produce certain terpenes more than others. For example, indica strains tend to have higher levels of myrcene than sativa strains.
Environment: The growing conditions of cannabis plants can affect their terpene content. Factors such as temperature, humidity, light exposure, soil quality, nutrients, water availability, pests, diseases, etc., can all influence how much terpenes the plants produce.
Curing: The process of drying and curing cannabis flowers can also affect their terpene levels. Proper curing can preserve or enhance the terpene content by preventing oxidation or degradation. Improper curing can reduce or alter the terpene content by exposing the flowers to heat, light, air, or moisture.
The average terpene percentage of cannabis flower is around 2%, meaning 2 percent of the weight of the flower is composed of terpenes. However, this average can vary depending on the type of cannabis. For example, indica strains tend to have lower terpene percentages than sativa strains, and CBD-rich strains tend to have higher terpene percentages than THC-rich strains.
Based on this average, a high terpene percentage for cannabis flower can be anything above 2%. However, some strains and sources may have much higher terpene percentages than others. For example, some testing labs have reported terpene percentages as high as 5%, 10%, or even 20% for certain strains and products.
Finding high-terpene cannabis flower can be challenging, as not all sources and products are transparent and consistent about their terpene content. However, there are some tips and tricks that can help you shop for high-terpene cannabis flower.
The best way to know the exact terpene profile and percentage of cannabis flower is to look at lab reports from reputable testing labs. These reports should show the breakdown of each terpene present in the sample, as well as the total terpene percentage. Some sources and brands may provide these reports online or upon request, while others may not.
Another way to get an idea of the terpene content of cannabis flower is to smell the buds. The stronger and more distinct the aroma, the higher the terpene content. However, this method is not very accurate or reliable, as different people may have different perceptions of smell, and some terpenes may be more noticeable than others.
Finally, we recommend you feel free to ask your online source or dispensary budtender as many questions as you need to get comfortable with your flower of choice. You can ask about the strain name, origin, genetics, growing conditions, curing methods, and testing results to get more information about the quality and potency of the flower. However, this method also depends on the honesty and knowledge of the source or seller.
Some pitfalls and challenges of finding high-terpene cannabis flower are:
Inconsistency: Terpene levels can vary greatly depending on the batch, the harvest time, the storage conditions, and the age of the flower. Even if you buy the same strain from the same source, you might not get the same terpene profile every time.
Adulteration: Some unscrupulous sellers might add artificial flavors or chemicals to their cannabis flower to enhance or mask the smell and taste. This can affect the quality and safety of the product, as well as interfere with its natural terpene (i.e. botanical terpene) content.
Regulation: Depending on where you live, you might face legal restrictions or risks when buying high-terpene cannabis flower. Some places have strict laws or prohibitions on cannabis cultivation, possession, distribution, or consumption. Make sure you know your local laws and regulations before you buy or use any cannabis product.
If you're looking to melt away stress and improve mood, go for cannabis strains loaded with limonene like Super Lemon Haze. On the other hand, if you're looking for pain relief that doubles as a sleep aid, try high linalool strains like Lavender or Amnesia Haze. You can take advantage of high terpene concentrations in your cannabis flower of choice to reduce symptoms of common disorders, or simply improve your overall quality of life.
We hope this guide has helped you understand the importance and straightforwardness of determining terpene levels in cannabis. Be sure to check out the True-Blue blog for more interesting and informative content!
]]>The answer lies in terpenes, the aromatic compounds that give the cannabis plant its distinctive smells and flavors. Terpenes can also be found in other plants, fruits, herbs, and essential oils, and they have various therapeutic properties.
Terpenes primarily interact with the endocannabinoid system, the network of receptors and molecules that regulate many bodily functions, including mood and appetite. They can also influence the production and release of hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes that affect how we feel and what we crave.
Some terpenes can stimulate appetite by affecting the production of ghrelin, which is the so-called "hunger hormone" that signals hunger to the brain. Ghrelin is mainly produced in the stomach when it's empty and decreases after eating.
Terpenes that stimulate appetite include myrcene, limonene, caryophyllene, and linalool. These terpenes may activate receptors in the brain that regulate hunger, mood, and reward-seeking behavior — similarly to the very mildly psychoactive cannabinoid CBD. Terpenes may also influence the digestion and absorption of nutrients by modulating the secretion of other hormones such as gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
Limonene is a terpene with a citrusy, fruity, and refreshing aroma. It can also be found in various citrus fruits, mint, rosemary, and juniper. Limonene is best known for its antidepressant and anti-anxiety properties, which can help with stress and mood disorders.
Another effect limonene is known for is stimulating appetite, according to some studies. A 2009 study from Japan's University of Shizuoka found that the consumption of limonene increased food intake in rats. Researchers suggest that limonene's appetite stimulating effects might be due to the release of dopamine and serotonin consuming limonene can cause in the brain.
If you’re looking for a sativa-dominant strain that may make you feel happy, energetic, and hungry, you might want to try limonene-rich cannabis sativa strains. Some examples of strains with high concentrations of this terpene are Super Lemon Haze, Tangie, Lemon Skunk, and Durban Poison.
Myrcene has a musky, herbal, and earthy aroma. It can be found in mangoes, thyme, lemongrass, and bay leaves. Myrcene is best known for its sedative and relaxing properties, which can help those suffering from insomnia and chronic muscle tension.
Myrcene is another terpene known for its ability to increase appetite. Researchers suggest that the synergistic interaction between myrcene and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis, might be the primary mechanism for its appetite enhancing effects.
If you’re looking for a strain that can make you feel sleepy, calm, and make you feel a bit hungry, you might want to try myrcene-rich strains. Some examples with high concentrations of myrcene are Blue Dream, Granddaddy Purple, Mango Kush, and Dutch Treat.
Caryophyllene has a peppery and spicy aroma. This terpene can be found in black pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and oregano. It has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, which can help with pain and neurodegenerative diseases.
Caryophyllene has an appetite moderating effect, according to some studies. The reason for its abilities as an appetite regulator is how it interacts with the CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, which can influence metabolism and energy balance.
CB2 receptors are mostly found in the immune system and have anti-inflammatory effects. A 2015 study suggests that stimulating the CB2 receptors could be a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity and related metabolic disorders.
If you want a strain that can help keep your appetite and metabolism in check, caryophyllene-rich strains are a good option. GSC, Chemdog, Bubba Kush, and Skywalker OG are good examples of strains with high quantities of the caryophyllene terpene.
Linalool is a terpene that has a floral, lavender-like, and sweet aroma. It’s also found in lavender, mint, rosewood, and coriander and is known for its anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. These can help with anxiety, depression, and insomnia.
Linalool can also improve appetite and digestion, according to a 2005 study from Japan's Osaka University. Research found that it increased food intake as well as gastric motility in rats, which suggests that linalool might act as an appetite enhancer by modulating the activity of the vagus nerve, which connects the brain and the digestive tract.
There's more than one indica-dominant strain containing Linalool that can make users feel relaxed, happy, and hungry. Some popular examples with high concentrations are Amnesia Haze, Lavender Kush, LA Confidential, and Purple Urkle.
If you're looking for appetite-stimulating terpenes, there are a few you should definitely keep away from; particularly humulene. Humulene is a terpene with an earthy, woody, and spicy aroma. It’s also found in hops, cloves, basil, and black pepper. Humulene is known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which can help with pain and swelling.
Another effect humulene has is appetite suppression. It's shown in multiple studies to work synergistically with tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) in reducing sensations of hunger. Researchers suggest that humulene might act as an appetite suppressant by modulating the activity of CB1 receptors in the brain and digestive tract.
For a strain that can help you control your appetite or lose weight, you might want to consider humulene-rich strains. Some examples of strains are OG Kush, Girl Scout Cookies, Sour Diesel, and Headband.
Terpenes are amazing compounds that can affect your appetite in different ways. Some can make you hungry, while others can help suppress hunger. They can even enhance the sensory experience of eating by adding distinct flavors and aromas.
The best way to identify which terpenes can increase appetite is to experiment with different strains and observe how they affect you. You can also use a terpene profile test kit or a cannabis app to identify the specific terpenes in your favorite strains.
It's worth noting that terpenes are not the only factor that influences appetite when consuming cannabis products. An individual's genetics, metabolism, health, mood, and environment can also play a role. This is why it's always recommended to consume cannabis responsibly and listen to your body.
Cannabis is a very personal experience, and no one can guarantee you how it will affect you until you try it for yourself. So what are you waiting for? Grab some buds, light up, and enjoy the munchies!
]]>It's worth noting that cannabis terpenes are not very stable. They can easily evaporate or degrade when exposed to heat, light, air, or time. This means that the terpene profile of your cannabis can change significantly depending on how you store, process, and consume it.
If you want to preserve any given terpene and enjoy its full potential in terms of flavors and effects, you need to pay attention to the terpene boiling point, as well as the temperature at which it evaporates.
Terpene evaporation can reduce the quality and potency of your cannabis products or essential oils in several ways.
First, it can diminish the flavor and aroma of your buds, making them less enjoyable and appealing. Second, it can alter the effects and benefits of your cannabis, as different terpenes have different properties and interactions with cannabinoids.
By losing terpenes due to evaporation, you are also losing some of the unique characteristics and benefits of each cannabis strain.
For example, myrcene is a terpene that has a musky and earthy smell, and it can enhance the sedative and relaxing effects of THC. And Limonene is a terpene that has a citrusy and fresh smell, and it can boost the mood-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD.
Take Sour Kush, as an example. It is a hybrid strain that has a high level of limonene, which gives it a sour and lemony flavor and a euphoric and uplifting effect. If you expose Sour Kush to high temperatures or prolonged storage, the terpenes begin to break down, resulting in less flavorful and less potent product.
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a liquid to a gas. Different terpenes have different boiling points, depending on their molecular structure and polarity. Some terpenes have lower boiling points than others, which means they evaporate faster and easier. For example, when brewing tea, limonene should not be pushed beyond 348.8°F (176°C) to avoid the risk of it evaporating.
Decarboxylation is the process of activating the terpene content (and other cannabis compounds) in your weed by applying heat. This is necessary for making edibles, tinctures, oils, and other cannabis products that are consumed orally or topically. However, decarboxylation can also cause terpene evaporation, as the temperatures required for decarboxylation are usually higher than the boiling points of most terpenes.
To ensure terpenes remain intact during decarboxylation, you can use some of these tips:
Use a low and slow method. Decarboxylate your cannabis at a low temperature (around 220°F or 104°C) for a longer time (around 40 minutes) instead of using a higher temperature for a shorter time.
Use an oven bag or a mason jar. Seal your cannabis in an oven-safe bag or jar before putting it in the oven. This will trap more of its primary terpene makeup inside and prevent them from escaping into the air.
Add water or oil to your cannabis material. Adding some moisture or fat to your cannabis can help preserve some of the terpenes by creating a protective layer around them. You can use water if you are making tinctures or oils if you are making edibles.
Vaping or smoking cannabis can also cause terpene evaporation, as the temperatures involved are usually much higher than the boiling points of most terpenes. For example, a typical lighter can produce a flame of around 1,832°F (1,000°C), which is way above the boiling point of any terpene.
To prevent or minimize terpene evaporation during vaping or smoking, you can use some of these tips:
Use a low-temperature vaporizer. A vaporizer is a device that heats up cannabis to a point where it releases its cannabinoids and terpenes without burning it. A low-temperature vaporizer can allow you to enjoy the full flavor and effect of your cannabis without losing too many terpenes. You can adjust the temperature of your vaporizer according to the boiling point of your target terpene. For example, if you want to experience the piney and alerting effects of pinene, you can set your vaporizer to around 311°F (155°C).
Use a water pipe or a bubbler. A water pipe or a bubbler is a device that filters the smoke or vapor through water before inhaling it. This can help cool down the smoke or vapor and preserve some of the terpenes that would otherwise be lost due to high temperatures. You can also add some ice cubes or cold water to your water pipe or bubbler to enhance the cooling effect.
Grind your cannabis finely. Grinding your cannabis into small pieces can increase its surface area and expose more of its terpenes to the heat source. This can help release more terpenes into the smoke or vapor and make it more flavorful and potent.
Inhale slowly and gently. Inhaling too fast or too hard can cause more heat and air to pass through your cannabis material, which can evaporate more terpenes. Inhaling slowly and gently can allow you to savor the flavor and effect of your cannabis without wasting too many terpenes.
By following these guidelines, you can preserve the terpenes and appreciate the full potential of each cannabis strain. As Dr. Ethan Russo, a leading medical expert on cannabis, said: “Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behavior when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng/mL−1 range."
So don’t let your terpenes go to waste. Keep track of your terpene boiling and evaporation temperatures to get the most out of their aromatic (as well as therapeutic) potential!
]]>Decarboxylation is the process of heating cannabis to activate the psychoactive THC and cannabinoids present in the plant. It's a chemical reaction that removes carboxylic acids from plant matter as they release carbon dioxide.
The decarboxylation process has one critical downside: it can degrade the terpenes in your cannabis plants. Terpenes are volatile and sensitive to heat, so they can easily evaporate or oxidize during the process, leaving you with a less potent or enjoyable end products (e.g. cannabis oil or edibles).
Unless you properly decarboxylate cannabis, you won't get its full effects and benefits, whether you smoke cannabis or prefer vaporizing cannabis in a dry herb vape.
If you need to decarb cannabis, the oven is arguably the most common and convenient way to do it at home. You’ll also need a baking sheet, some parchment paper, and a grinder. Here are the steps:
The sous vide method is a more advanced and precise way to decarb weed without losing terpenes. Sous vide is a French term that means “under vacuum”, and it refers to a cooking technique that involves sealing food in a plastic bag and immersing it in a water bath at a controlled temperature.
This method allows for optimal heat transfer and preservation of flavor and texture.
Mason jar decarbing is a simple and effective way of decarbing weed without losing terpenes. It involves placing your weed in a mason jar and heating it in a pot of water on the stove.
This method creates a sealed environment that traps the terpenes inside the jar, while allowing for sufficient heat transfer to activate the cannabinoids.
Regardless of which method you choose to decarb your weed without losing terpenes, there are some general tips and best practices to optimize your results.
To close out this beginner's guide, let's review three of the most important ones below.
The fresher and higher quality your weed is, the more terpenes and cannabinoids it will have. Avoid using old or moldy weed, as it can affect its flavor, aroma, and potency even when using high-terp strains.
After decarbing your weed, let it cool completely before storing it in an airtight container in a cool and dark place. This will prevent further loss of terpenes and cannabinoids due to exposure to light, air, or heat.
If you want to enhance the flavor and aroma of your decarbed weed, you can add some terpene-rich ingredients or extracts such as citrus fruits, herbs, or spices.
]]>One of the newest ways to enjoy the benefits of cannabis is to spray terpenes or terpene extracts on your cannabis flowers. This can enhance their flavor, aroma, potential health benefits, and terpene concentration. It can also help preserve the freshness and quality of your buds.
However, spraying terpenes is more complex than it sounds! Terpenes are highly concentrated and potent compounds that must be diluted properly before use. If you use too much or spray them directly on your mucous membranes, you may experience irritation, burning, or allergic reactions.
Before diluting terpenes, you must gather some materials and equipment. Here's a short list of what you'll need:
The first step in diluting terpenes is to choose the best terpene oil for your desired product and effect profile. There are many factors to consider when choosing a terpene oil, but let's start with the most important ones below.
Terpene oils come in different sizes and concentrations. "Size" refers to the bottle's volume, which can range from 5ml to 30ml or more, while "concentration" refers to the percentage of terpenes in the oil, which can range from 5% to 100%. The higher the concentration, the more potent the oil.
Terpene oils can be either strain-specific or isolated. Strain-specific terpene oils are derived from specific cannabis strains, such as OG Kush, Blue Dream, or Sour Diesel. They contain a complex blend of terpenes that mimic the flavor and aroma of the original strain. Isolated terpene oils are derived from individual terpenes, such as limonene, myrcene, or pinene.
Terpene oils have different flavor and aroma profiles depending on the type and combination of terpenes they contain. Some common flavor and aroma categories are citrusy, fruity, floral, and skunky.
Terpene oils have different therapeutic benefits depending on the type and combination of terpenes they contain. Some therapeutic benefits commonly associated with cannabis include relaxing, stimulating, uplifting, and analgesic effects.
The second step in diluting terpenes is to choose the best carrier oil or liquid for your product and application. Virtually all terpenes spray the same regardless of their source material or whether they'd undergone CO2 or solvent-based terpene extraction.
Still, there are many factors to consider when choosing a carrier oil or liquid, such as:
The dilution ratio is the percentage of terpenes in the final solution. It depends on several factors, such as the type and quality of terpenes, the carrier oil or liquid you use to dilute them, and the product and effect you want to achieve.
The general rule of thumb is to not use more than 10% terpenes in the final solution. This is because terpenes are very strong and can irritate your eyes, nose, mouth, and skin if used in high concentrations. They can also affect your respiratory system if inhaled in large amounts.
The recommended starting point is to use 1% terpenes in the final solution. This safe and conservative amount will still give you a noticeable effect and aroma. You can always increase or decrease the dilution ratio later, according to your preference and tolerance.
Now that you know how to determine the proper dilution ratio, let’s close out the article with a step-by-step guide on performing the dilution process.
We hope this guide has given you some insight on prepping your terps for safe spraying without losing out on their many potential benefits! Be sure to check out the rest of the True-Blue blog for more information on cannabis terpenes!
]]>Figuring out the best terpenes for pain isn't necessarily straightforward. Terpenes work together with cannabinoids, the active ingredients in cannabis, to create what’s known as the entourage effect. This means that the whole plant is more effective than its isolated components. Terpenes can enhance the pain-relieving effects of cannabinoids by interacting with the same cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body.
Terpenes can help with different types of pain, such as inflammatory, neuropathic, and nociceptive pain. Inflammatory pain is caused by chronic inflammation, which can damage tissues and organs. Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. Nociceptive pain is caused by physical injury or stimuli, such as heat, cold, or pressure.
Terpenes are compounds that give plants and fruits their aroma and flavor. Some terpenes can activate the CB1 and CB2 receptors in the body and brain, which are involved in chronic pain, as well as inflammatory and neuropathic pain. This interaction is what gives them pain-relieving properties. Several terpenes such as caryophyllene, linalool, myrcene, pinene, and limonene, are currently being researched for their potential pain-relieving attributes.
Terpenes can also enhance the effects of cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, on our cannabinoid receptors. They do this by increasing cannabinoid absorption and delivery to the brain.
Terpenes can be found in cannabis and other plants like rosemary, cloves, hops, black pepper, mangoes, lemongrass, eucalyptus, and more. Terpenes can be extracted and used in products such as essential oils, topicals, edibles, and inhalers. Cannabis terpenes are considered to have fewer side effects than more conventional drugs for pain relief, such as NSAIDs and opioids since their pain-relieving properties are naturally derived.
Myrcene is one of the most common terpenes in the cannabis plant. It has a musky, earthy, and fruity aroma and flavor. It’s a popular choice for pain management for inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but is also known for its sedative and relaxing effects, which can help you sleep better and ease muscle tension.
Myrcene can reduce inflammation, which is a major cause of pain. It can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators and modulate the immune system response. Myrcene can also reduce neuropathic pain by blocking nerve signals.
Some of the cannabis strains that are high in myrcene are OG Kush, Mango Kush, Blue Dream, and Granddaddy Purple.
Caryophyllene is another common terpene in cannabis. It has a spicy, peppery, and woody aroma and flavor. It’s also known for its mood-enhancing and anti-anxiety properties, which can help you cope with stress and depression.
But caryophyllene can also modulate pain receptors, especially in the central nervous system. It can bind to CB2 receptors involved in pain perception and inflammation. Caryophyllene can synergize with other cannabinoids and terpenes to produce stronger pain relief.
Some of the cannabis strains that are high in caryophyllene are Girl Scout Cookies, Sour Diesel, Chemdog, and Bubba Kush.
Linalool is a terpene that is also found in lavender and other essential oils. It has a floral, sweet, and citrusy aroma and flavor. It’s also known for its calming and soothing effects, which can help you relax and fall asleep.
But linalool can also soothe pain, especially neuropathic pain. It can reduce nerve damage and inflammation by inhibiting the activation of microglia, which are immune cells in the brain. Linalool can also enhance the analgesic properties of morphine.
Some of the cannabis strains that are high in linalool are Amnesia Haze, Lavender, LA Confidential, and Purple Kush.
Limonene is a terpene that is also found in citrus fruits and other plants. It has a fresh, zesty, and lemony aroma and flavor. It’s also known for its uplifting and energizing effects, which can help you boost your mood and creativity.
But limonene can also relieve pain by reducing stress and increasing the absorption of other terpenes. It can lower cortisol levels, which are associated with stress and anxiety. Limonene can increase the permeability of the skin, which can help topical cannabis products penetrate deeper into the tissues.
Some of the cannabis strains that are high in limonene are Super Lemon Haze, Jack Herer, Lemon Skunk, and Tangie.
Pinene is a terpene that is also found in pine trees and other plants. It has a sharp, piney, and herbal aroma and flavor. It’s also known for its alertness-enhancing and memory-boosting effects, which can help you stay focused and productive.
But pinene can also counteract the memory impairment caused by THC, which can be a side effect of cannabis use. It can inhibit the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. Pinene can reduce inflammation and pain by inhibiting the enzyme that produces prostaglandins, which are inflammatory mediators.
Some of the cannabis strains that are high in pinene are Blue Dream, Pineapple Express, Harlequin, and Romulan.
Humulene is a terpene that is also found in hops and other plants. It has a hoppy, earthy, and woody aroma and flavor. It’s also known for its appetite-suppressing and anti-bacterial effects, which can help you control your weight and prevent infections.
But humulene can also inhibit tumor growth and inflammation, which can be related to pain. It can induce apoptosis, which is the programmed cell death of cancer cells. Humulene can demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide, which is an inflammatory mediator. These marked anti-inflammatory properties may help alleviate pain and swelling in patients with arthritis.
Some of the cannabis strains that are high in humulene are White Widow, Headband, Girl Scout Cookies, and Skywalker OG.
Terpinolene is a terpene that is also found in sage and other plants. It has a piney, floral, and herbal aroma and flavor. It’s also known for its sedative and relaxing effects, which can help you unwind and sleep better.
But terpinolene can also induce sedation, reduce oxidative stress, and protect against neurodegenerative diseases, affecting pain perception. It can induce sleep by modulating the GABAergic system, which regulates brain activity. Terpinolene can scavenge free radicals and prevent lipid peroxidation (processes that cause cellular damage).
Some of the cannabis strains that are high in terpinolene are Jack Herer, Super Silver Haze, Ghost Train Haze, and Golden Pineapple.
Terpenes are naturally occurring chemical compounds that give cannabis its unique aroma and flavor. But they also have therapeutic benefits for pain relief, especially when combined with cannabinoids. Terpenes can help with different types of pain, such as inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and nociceptive pain.
Some of the best terpenes for pain relief are myrcene, caryophyllene, linalool, limonene, pinene, humulene, and terpinolene. Each of these terpenes has its own effects and benefits for pain management including those that demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties.
]]>How can you protect your precious terpenes and enjoy the full spectrum of cannabis' potential benefits? The answer is simple: shield terpenes using a terpene shield! In this article, we’ll explain what a terpene shield is, how it works, its benefits, and how to use it for recreational or medical-grade cannabis. Let’s dive in!
Terpenes are produced by the trichomes, the tiny resin glands covering the surface of the cannabis buds. Trichomes are responsible for producing and storing terpenes and cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD.
However, trichomes are also very sensitive and vulnerable to environmental factors affecting their quality and quantity.
Some of the main causes of terpene loss in cannabis are:
A terpene shield is a simple yet effective way to protect your terpenes from evaporation or oxidation by maintaining an optimal relative humidity (RH) level inside your cannabis container. RH measures how much water vapor is in the air compared to how much it can hold at a given temperature.
A terpene shield is created by using a humidification device such as the Boveda terpene shield, which regulates the RH inside your cannabis container by adding or removing moisture as needed.
Boveda's original terpene shield is a patented two-way humidity control system that consists of natural salts and purified water inside a reverse osmosis membrane. Boveda's terpene shield comes in different sizes and RH levels (such as 58% or 62%), depending on your personal preference or the humidity level of your environment.
A terpene shield works by having purified water molecules flow over and coat the trichomes, which acts as a barrier that prevents terpenes from escaping or oxidizing. By keeping the RH at a constant and ideal level for cannabis flower, terpene shields preserve terpenes until you grind and consume your cannabis.
Using a terpene shield for your cannabis has many benefits, such as:
Luckily for cannabis consumers, using a terpene shield is easy and convenient.
Let's close out this guide with some practical tips and recommendations on how to use a terpene shield for your cannabis flower:
Have you ever wondered what makes apple cider so enchanting to your senses? The rich, warming aroma greets you, followed by the refreshing, unique taste - something is captivating. A group of unsung heroes guides this journey of sensory delight: Terpenes. They are the secret behind the alluring aroma of your favorite cider and the flavors and scents of many fruits and plants. This article aims to unravel the mystery of terpenes and how they define the essence of apple cider.
So, what exactly are terpenes? Imagine you're walking through a pine forest, and a fresh, woody aroma surrounds you. Or you're peeling an orange and get a burst of citrusy freshness. That's terpenes at work. They are organic compounds produced by various plants, responsible for their characteristic scents. But terpenes aren't just about smells; they also play a crucial role in a plant's survival, attracting pollinators and warding off predators.
Now let's talk apples. Like other fruits, apples have a unique set of terpenes that define their flavor and aroma profile. When you bite into a fresh apple, you're experiencing a symphony of terpenes such as alpha-farnesene, responsible for the apple's unique 'green' aroma, and esters like ethyl-2-methyl butyrate, which gives that sweet, fruity note. However, this profile is distinct from other fruits. For instance, limonene, a terpene abundant in citrus fruits, imparts a bright, zesty aroma, whereas linalool, found in lavender, lends a floral note. The beautiful thing is, no two fruits have the same terpene profile, making each a unique sensory experience.
Image via Eric Van Buskirk and midjourney.com
Turning apples into cider isn't just a simple transformation - it's a symphony of biochemical reactions, with our friends, the terpenes, playing a significant role. During fermentation, yeasts consume the apple's sugars and produce alcohol. But that's not all. The process also alters the terpene composition. Some terpenes may be lost, while others can be enhanced, resulting in an aroma and flavor profile shift. It's like an artist mixing colors on a palette, creating a new blend of aromas and flavors that's distinct 'cider.'
So, how does the terpene profile of apple cider stack up against other beverages? Let's take grape wine, for instance. The terpenes in grapes differ from those in apples, leading to distinct aromas and flavors. While apple cider may have a fruity, floral aroma, grape wine might lean towards a more complex, robust scent. And it's not just about the type of fruit - even the variety of apples or grapes can influence the terpene profile, making each batch of cider or wine unique in its own right.
Beyond their integral role in crafting the unique sensory profiles of fruits and beverages, terpenes also bring something else to the table - potential health benefits. Many of these organic compounds are bioactive, meaning they interact with our bodies in ways that can contribute to our well-being.
For instance, take alpha-pinene, a terpene commonly found in many plants, including apples. Research suggests that alpha-pinene has anti-inflammatory properties, which could help alleviate inflammation-related conditions. Then there's limonene, a terpene we mentioned earlier that's abundant in citrus fruits but also in apples. Limonene has been found to have mood-enhancing effects, even playing a role in reducing anxiety.
Moreover, several terpenes, including those found in apples and apple cider, have antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. This means they could play a role in helping our bodies fend off chronic diseases.
Plants, in their incredible biological diversity, produce a vast range of terpenes, varying their composition significantly depending on the part of the plant and its purpose. For instance, the terpene profile in the leaves or stems of a plant often serves a protective role. These terpenes might produce scents or flavors that deter pests or attract predators of those pests, providing a natural defense.
Take hemp, for example. The hemp plant terpene profile is known for its rich, which includes compounds like myrcene, caryophyllene, and limonene. These terpenes contribute not only to the distinct aroma of hemp but also play a role in the plant's survival by deterring herbivores and attracting beneficial insects.
On the other hand, the terpenes found in fruits are often more aligned with attraction rather than protection. Their job is to produce enticing aromas and flavors that draw animals and humans toward them. This helps seed dispersal, a crucial part of a fruiting plant's reproductive cycle.
Compared to the leafy hemp plant, a hemp fruit (often referred to as hemp seed), has a different set of terpenes, contributing to its unique smell and taste, which is quite distinct from the rest of the plant. These fruit terpenes might make one variety of hemp seed taste nuttier while another might have a more earthy flavor.
This stark contrast in the role and composition of terpenes between different parts of the same plant, such as hemp, and between different types of plants and fruits contributes to the rich tapestry of scents and flavors we find in nature.
Of course, it's important to remember that while the health benefits of terpenes are an exciting area of research, they don't replace the need for a balanced diet or regular medical care. And let's be honest, while it's nice to know that our favorite apple cider might come with added health benefits; we'd probably drink it anyway for the sheer sensory delight it offers!
From the humble apple to the invigorating glass of cider, terpenes have guided our sensory journey. They're the unseen artists, crafting the distinct aromas and flavors we've come to associate with our favorite fruits and beverages. Next time you take a sip of apple cider, remember the complex world of terpenes that are working behind the scenes, creating that captivating sensory experience. So, here's to the unsung heroes of the aromatic world - the terpenes.
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In this article, we'll explore the most notable of these benefits — its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and its role in liver and gastrointestinal health.
This terpene profile will also review popular cannabis strains and EOs containing high levels of sabinene, along with potential precautions and considerations around its use.
Sabinene is a bicyclic monoterpene with two rings and ten carbon atoms in its chemical structure. Sabinene has the molecular formula C10H16 and a boiling point of about 325-327°F.
Sabinene can be sourced from botanical sources, such as Norway spruce trees and clove plants. Sabiene’s presence in cannabis plants contributes to many Haze cultivars' earthy taste and peppery kick. It can also be utilized via a number of popular essential oils (EOs), including tea tree oil and wild juniper berry oil.
Sabinene is not only a pleasant-smelling terpene but also a highly promising one from a therapeutic perspective. Sabinene is currently being studied for potential benefits which could have real-world applications for human health and wellness.
Sabinene is a major constituent in spices and woody plant materials. Some reliable botanical sources for sabinene extraction include:
Sabinene has a spicy scent with notes of citrus and pine, making it a staple terpene in fragrance manufacturing and aromatherapy. The aroma of sabinene is reminiscent of forest woods and pine needles on a crisp autumn day.
In terms of flavors, sabinene is characterized by a unique blend of woody, herbal, and slightly peppery notes. Its pleasant, warming taste lends complex and aromatic dimensions to the overall sensory experience of foods, beverages, and oils.
Whether you're into vaping, cannabis concentrates or edibles, there's no shortage of cannabis strains containing significant concentrations of sabinene.
Let's look at three examples below.
Cherry Soda is a sativa-dominant hybrid with a fruity, soda-like flavor and a sweet, earthy aroma. It's a product of several strains including Airborne G13, Ortega, Blackberry, Cinderella 99, Cherry AK-47 and Black Cherry Soda. It has a high THC content of up to 25% and a low CBD content of around 1%.
Cherry Soda produces a balanced high affecting both the mind and body. Users report an effect profile inducing euphoria, creativity and relaxation. It can also help with stress, pain, depression, anxiety, and lack of appetite.
Visually, Cherry Soda is a beautiful strain, producing dense buds in healthy specimens covered in dark purple hues and orange hairs.
Sour Special Sauce (also known as SSS) is a high-CBD, indica-dominant strain known for producing a high return when used for CBD oil extraction.
It was first bred and popularized by Oregon CBD, who crossed their flagship line Special Sauce with Early Resin Berry. SSS is now grown in several Oregon farms and popular in the United States, especially among sour strain lovers and DIYers.
SSS has a bitter berry, hoppy, and earthy flavor, with astringent and citrusy aromas. It averages around 15-20% CBD content, with a THC content of less than 0.3%, making it legal under the 2018 Farm Bill.
SSS is a strain that can help with anxiety, stress and insomnia while promoting calm, focus, and creativity. It's best suited for nighttime use, or anytime you need to unwind. SSS offers a smooth and satisfying experience for CBD enthusiasts who enjoy sour flavors and a potent effect profile.
Super Silver Haze is a world-renowned sativa-dominant hybrid originally bred by Green House Seeds in Amsterdam during the mid-1990s.
It's a cross of three legendary strains: Haze, Northern Lights, and Skunk No. 1. Super Silver Haze has won the High Times Cannabis Cup three times in a row in 1997, 1998, and 1999.
Super Silver Haze has a high THC content of up to 18%, making it a potent strain producing long-lasting cerebral buzz. Users also report feeling invigorated, uplifted and creative after smoking this strain. Its skunky, citrusy, and spicy flavor is pleasantly reminiscent of its parent strains.
As a Sativa-dominant strain, Super Silver Haze is a solid bet for feelings of stress, anxiety, depression, fatigue or even lack of appetite.
Super Silver Haze is a challenging strain to grow, requiring a lot of space, light, nutrients, and pruning. It's best suited for outdoor cultivation in warm and sunny climates, where it can grow up to 10 feet tall and produce yields of up to 15 ounces per plant.
It's worth noting that sabinene is easily accessible outside of the cannabis plant with the use of EOs and EO-infused products like toiletries. To close out the article, let's take a quick look at three easily accessible sabinene-rich EOs below.
Sabinene has shown promise in multiple studies for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and gastrointestinal benefits.
Let's discuss these in more detail below.
Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury or infection, but sometimes it can become chronic or excessive, leading to pain, heat, swelling, and reduced movement. Chronic inflammation can also contribute to various diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, and cancer.
Sabinene may help reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of certain inflammatory compounds, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs). A 2013 study from Portugal's University of Coimbra investigated the effects of the EOs in the water-hemlock plant. The study found its content of sabinene demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity.
Sabinene also demonstrates an inhibitory effect on the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a pro-inflammatory mediator, in human synovial fibroblasts stimulated by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β).
These potential anti-inflammatory properties could offer relief for those dealing with pain, heat, or reduced movement rooted in dysregulated inflammatory responses.
As well as protection from inflammation, sabinene may also be able to help protect you from microbes that could make you ill.
Microbes are microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites that can cause infections or diseases in humans and animals. Some microbes are beneficial or harmless, while others can be harmful or even deadly.
Sabinene has shown antimicrobial activity against many forms of bacterial growth and fungi, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans.
It may also enhance the antimicrobial activity of other compounds, such as antibiotics or other terpenes. A 2018 study published by The Society for Applied Microbiology found that sabinene enhanced the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against E. coli and S. aureus by increasing its permeability and reducing its efflux.
The study also suggests that sabinene demonstrated synergistic interactions with thymol to inhibit the growth of C. albicans by disrupting its cell membrane and biofilm formation.
Through these mechanisms, it may be able to get around microbial resistance that can develop when microbes become less susceptible to antibiotics or other treatments.
The liver is a vital organ that performs many functions in the body, such as detoxification, metabolizing drugs, producing bile, storing glycogen and synthesizing proteins. However, the liver can easily be damaged by alcohol consumption, viral infections, drug overdose or autoimmune diseases.
Sabinene can help protect your liver from damage by scavenging free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, modulating inflammatory responses and enhancing antioxidant enzymes. A 2017 study from Iran's Ardabil University of Medical Sciences investigated the effects of the terpene on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats. The study found that sabinene significantly attenuated liver damage by reducing serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TBIL), which are markers of liver injury.
The study also found that sabinene reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO), increased glutathione (GSH) levels, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which are antioxidant enzymes. It also modulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β).
This means sabinene may even help prevent some of the complications that arise from liver dysfunction such as jaundice, cirrhosis or liver failure.
Another potential benefit of sabinene is its role in improving gastrointestinal health.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the system of organs that digest food and absorb nutrients, such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and anus. The gastrointestinal tract can be affected by a number of common disorders including ulcers, gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or colorectal cancer.
Sabinene may help to improve gastrointestinal health by reducing gastric acid secretion, enhancing gastric mucosal protection, modulating intestinal motility, and inhibiting intestinal inflammation. A 2020 study from China's Xi'an Air Force Medical University investigated its effects on gastric ulcers induced by ethanol in rats and found that it significantly reduced the ulcer index and increased gastric mucus production.
Sabinene reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, and increased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a gastric cytoprotective agent. It also enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which are antioxidant enzymes.
Another study from Iran's Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences found that sabinene inhibited acetylcholine-induced contraction of isolated rat ileum, indicating that it may have antispasmodic effects on the intestines. The 2019 study found that the terpene inhibited dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice by reducing colon weight/length ratio, disease activity index (DAI), histological damage score, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity.
Sabinene also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), increasing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-4 (IL-4).
If this primer has improved your general knowledge of sabinene, be sure to check out the True Blue blog for more information on all your favorite terpenes!
]]>Borneol is a highly bioavailable terpene currently being studied for several promising applications in the future of natural medicine — most notably its potential ability to reduce cancer cell growth, which we'll discuss later in the article.
Let's explore the different aspects of borneol, such as its notable botanical sources, possible therapeutic benefits, and uses. We'll also discuss its role in cannabis strains and the best cultivars for accessing its unique flavor, aroma, and effect profiles.
Borneol is a terpene that can be found in various plant species, especially in the families of Dipterocarpaceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae. These plants are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the world and have been used for medicinal and aromatic purposes for centuries. Some of the notable botanical sources of borneol are:
This large evergreen tree is native to China, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. It produces a volatile oil containing high amounts of borneol and its isomer camphor. Camphor oil is extracted from the tree's wood, bark, leaves, and roots by steam distillation or solvent extraction. It's commonly sourced and used for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and stimulant properties.
This is a perennial herb native to the Mediterranean region. It has needle-like leaves and blue flowers that emit a pleasant aroma. Rosemary contains about 10% of borneol and other terpenes such as alpha-pinene, camphene, cineole, and limonene. The herb may posses antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
This is a genus of aromatics that includes several species, such as Artemisia absinthium (common wormwood), Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood), and Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort). These plants have bitter-tasting leaves and flowers containing various terpenes, including borneol. Wormwood has been studied for decades for its antiparasitic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antimalarial properties.
Borneol has a pungent and camphor-like odor with a minty, cooling taste. While often compared to other minty terpenes like eucalyptol or isopulegol, it's distinguished by an earthier flavor profile. It's a colorless to white solid at room temperature, with a melting point of about 406°F and a boiling point of about 415°F.
Borneol is slightly soluble in water but more so in organic solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, acetone, ether, benzene, toluene, decalin, and tetralin. Borneol is also flammable, with a flash point of about 178°F.
Borneol is a terpene with a range of potential health benefits, playing a role in the modulation of different physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, pain, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Some of the mechanisms by which borneol exerts its beneficial potential include:
Borneol has been used for thousands of years in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for its beneficial effects on the liver, spleen meridians, heart, and lungs. Its appeal extended far beyond massage or aromatherapy, as borneol effectively synergized with polyphenols in popular cooking ingredients like ginger while functioning as one of China's more effective natural insect repellents outside the kitchen.
TCM commonly uses borneol to treat bronchitis and similar ailments utilizing its anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. For one thing, it can reduce the inflammation of the lungs by controlling inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory infiltration. It can also inhibit the entry of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) — which causes acute respiratory infections — by interacting with the viral F protein that mediates membrane fusion.
Cytokines are molecules that signal the immune system to mount an inflammatory response. The dysregulated activity of these cytokines can cause tissue damage and impair lung function. Other inflammatory cells include neutrophils and macrophages, which release reactive oxygen species and proteases that can damage the lung tissue and cause edema.
Whether you prefer indicas for their sedative qualities or sativas for their focus-enhancing and uplifting properties, we have a high-borneol strain recommendation for you! Let's look at our top three picks below.
Golden Haze is a sativa-dominant cross of Amnesia Haze and Super Silver Haze, two powerful hazes known for their beautiful nugs and mellow flavors. It has a high THC content of up to 23%, and a low CBD content of less than 1%, making it a potent strain for recreational and medical users.
Under proper growing conditions, Golden Haze produces medium-sized neon green buds with amber crystals that give them a glittering appearance. It has a sweet and sour flavor with notes of berries, citrus, and herbs that create a refreshing and uplifting sensation. It offers a relaxing and euphoric high that can help with stress, pain, depression, anxiety, and mood swings by boosting your energy and creativity without making you sleepy.
Golden Haze is suitable for morning or daytime use or anytime you need a positive and cerebral boost. It's a beginner-friendly strain that can reach up to six and a half feet in height and takes about 65 days to flower.
Amnesia Haze is another sativa-dominant hybrid with a high THC content of up to 21%. It's a cross of various landrace strains, including South Asian, Jamaican, Hawaiian, Thai, Cambodian, and Afghani. It won several awards, including the Cannabis Cup in 2004 and Sativa Cup in 2012. It is particularly popular in Amsterdam and the U.S.
Given ample nutrition, Amnesia Haze produces large and fluffy green buds with orange hairs and a resin coating. It has a citrus and earthy flavor with notes of lemon, lime and pine, offering a strong cerebral high that can lift the mood and spark creativity. It can also help with stress, depression, anxiety, pain, and appetite loss.
Amnesia Haze is best for morning or daytime use and in social settings. It's a moderately difficult strain to grow that can reach up to five feet in height, taking about 10 to 12 weeks to flower.
On the other hand, Hindu Kush is a pure indica strain that originates from the Hindu Kush mountain range that forms the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It's one of the original landrace strains, and has been used to create several popular hybrids.
With a high THC content of up to 20% and a very low CBD content of less than 1%, Hindu Kush has an earthy and spicy flavor with notes of pine, lemon, and citrus that create a refreshing and herbal sensation. Healthy Hindu Kush plants produce large, sticky buds with orange hairs and a generous resin coating that makes them ideal for hash production.
Hindu Kush is suitable for evening or nighttime use or for whenever you could use a deep sense of calm and peace. It offers a strong, sedative high that can relax your body and mind for sleep and relieve pain and stress.
You can also enjoy the potential health benefits of camphor using infused products and aromatherapy diffusers. Here's a list of three popular essential oils high in borneol:
Virtually all potential side effects of borneol are rooted in allergic reactions from source plant materials like camphor — resulting in skin irritation and eye irritation when applied topically, irritation of the nose and throat when inhaled, headache, nausea and vomiting when ingested or inhaled, and dizziness, light-headedness and fainting when exposed to high doses.
Like all terpenes, high doses of borneol can also interact with some medications, particularly those broken down in the liver or that thin the blood. It's advisable to consult a doctor before making regular use of borneol.
]]>Limonene, a versatile terpene with many applications, can be found in various botanical sources beyond cannabis. Here are three notable plants renowned for their limonene content:
Limonene is classified as a cyclic monoterpene with the molecular formula C10H16. It exists in two optical isomers, d-limonene and l-limonene, with the former being the most common and frequently encountered in nature. The chemical structure of limonene terpenes consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with two isoprene units arranged in a cyclic structure.
Limonene is a colorless liquid with a relatively low boiling point of 349°F and a melting point of approximately -101°F. This makes it highly volatile, evaporating quickly at room temperature.
One of the most distinctive features of limonene is its renowned citrus scent. It's responsible for the refreshing qualities of citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. In addition to its piquant smell, limonene imparts tangy, zesty flavors to foods and beverages, making it a popular ingredient in infused beverages and culinary creations.
Whether you're slicing into a juicy orange or inhaling the refreshing scent of bergamot essential oil (EO), limonene plays a vital role in creating an uplifting sensory experience. In recent years, this has raised significant interest in its potential effects on human health and well-being.
In this comprehensive profile, we'll delve deeper into limonene terpene effects, benefits, and applications, particularly in the context of the cannabis plant and a range of EOs.
Beyond its delightful aroma and taste, Limonene has been the subject of scientific research for decades due to its potential health benefits. Let's explore three significant properties of limonene that have been studied extensively: its antinociceptive, anticancer, and antihyperalgesic properties.
Limonene has been shown in multiple studies to produce antinociceptive effects, dramatically reducing the sensation of pain. A 2007 study from the Federal University of Ceará's Department of Physiology and Pharmacology found that limonene downregulated the pain response in mice with inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
Another study published in 2015 suggested that limonene may act on opioid receptors in the brain, which play a role in pain modulation. Limonene may also have anti-inflammatory effects, reducing acute or chronic pain rooted in swelling or distention (e.g. bursitis, gout).
Limonene has also been observed to prevent or slow down the development of cancer cells. One mechanism by which limonene may do this is by inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells.
Another mechanism is by inhibiting angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels that feed tumors. Limonene may also modulate the immune system and enhance the activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells, which can significantly restrict cancer cell proliferation.
Limonene has even been shown to have antihyperalgesic effects, which can reduce the increased sensitivity to pain after tissue damage or inflammation. A 2017 study from Brazil's University of Sergipe found that d-limonene reduced hyperalgesia in rats with nerve injury.
The study showed that limonene attenuated hyperalgesia in mice with inflammatory pain. Limonene exerts its antihyperalgesic effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines — such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta — which can sensitize nerve endings and increase pain perception.
It's important to note that while various studies suggest potential benefits of limonene, further research is needed to understand its mechanisms and effectiveness in different health conditions fully. We recommend consulting with your healthcare professional before considering limonene or other natural compounds as a treatment option for any conditions.
Limonene may increase skin permeation by altering the stratum corneum's structure and fluidity, the skin's outermost layer that acts as a barrier to drug absorption.
Limonene is known for its capacity for high penetration, particularly appreciable in the skin, which is why it's referred to as an ‘enhancer’. The enhancing power of limonene allows it to be used as a carrier for other molecules unable to cross epithelial barriers by themselves.
Limonene may interact with the lipids of the stratum corneum and disrupt the interlamellar hydrogen bonding, creating more space for drug molecules to diffuse through. Limonene may also coexist with other solvents, such as ethanol, and enhance their transfer to the skin by changing the barrier structure of the stratum corneum.
The potential practical uses of this effect are to improve the delivery of drugs with poor skin permeability or low bioavailability, such as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer agents. Limonene may also enhance the delivery of cosmetic ingredients, such as antioxidants, vitamins, and moisturizers, to improve skin health or appearance. Product manufacturers are currently experimenting with its use in transdermal patches or gels to deliver drugs systemically through the skin.
Weed is a great way to access your favorite cannabis terpenes and other terpenes (as well as other cannabis compounds like CBD and THC). Here are our top three picks for cannabis consumers looking to get an ample dose of limonene:
Banana OG is a limonene-dominant cannabis strain renowned for its unique combination of flavors, potent effects, and well-balanced genetics. This indica hybrid crosses the legendary OG Kush and the flavorful Banana strain. It offers a harmonious blend of sweet, tropical banana notes with hints of earthy undertones, creating a distinctive aroma and taste that sets it apart from other strains.
With moderate to high THC content, Banana OG delivers a powerful, long-lasting high that relaxes the mind and body. Users often experience a wave of euphoria and happiness, followed by a gentle body buzz that can help alleviate stress, anxiety, and chronic pain. This strain's effects are known for promoting relaxation without inducing sedation, making it suitable for both daytime and nighttime use.
Overall, Banana OG is a sought-after strain, beloved for its enticing flavor profile, potent effects, and therapeutic properties. Cultivators appreciate its moderate growing difficulty and average flowering time, making it popular among experienced growers and enthusiasts.
Berry White is world-renowned for seamlessly blending exquisite flavors and deeply relaxing effects. This indica-dominant hybrid crosses the prized Blueberry and legendary White Widow strains. Its name perfectly captures the essence of its mellowing effect profile and the frosty appearance of its buds.
When consumed, Berry White's aroma is a delightful fusion of sweet berries and a subtle earthiness, creating a pleasing sensory experience. The flavor profile follows suit, with luscious berry notes accompanied by hints of pine and spice, leaving a satisfying aftertaste on the palate.
The effects of Berry White are profoundly calming and euphoric. Its high THC content induces a blissful and uplifting cerebral experience, gradually transitioning into full-body relaxation. The strain is favored by individuals seeking relief from stress, anxiety, and insomnia, as it promotes a sense of tranquility and eases physical tension.
Black Cherry Soda is a sativa-dominant cross between the fruity Blackberry and extremely popular Cherry AK-47 strains. Its aroma is a delightful blend of ripe cherries and berries with musky undertones. Its flavor profile mirrors this bouquet, with sweet cherry notes complemented by subtle hints of spice and skunk.
The effects of Black Cherry Soda are predominantly cerebral, inducing a sense of euphoria, creativity, and heightened focus. Users often experience a boost in mood and energy, making it suitable for daytime use and social situations. Despite its sativa dominance, this strain also offers a subtle relaxant effect that eases tension without causing sedation.
Black Cherry Soda is a popular choice among cannabis enthusiasts seeking a flavorful strain that delivers an uplifting and energizing experience and a touch of relaxation. It's refreshing and indulgent, making it a favorite among cannabis connoisseurs.
If you'd prefer to enjoy the therapeutic potential of limonene without using edibles, joints or vapes, consider using essential oils instead. EOs are among the easiest ways to access different terpenes' benefits.
It's as simple as using a diffuser or one of the ever-growing selections of EO-infused products (think bath products or topicals) at your local health store.
Let's look at three widely available EOs with high concentrations of limonene below.
Neroli essential oil is extracted from the flowers of the bitter orange tree (Citruse aurantium var. amara), typically via steam distillation. It's one of the world's most widely used floral oils, with a sweet, floral, and citrusy scent used in perfumery and aromatherapy.
Neroli oil has various benefits for skin, mood, and health. In traditional medicine across several cultures, it's believed to help reduce acne, inflammation, seizures, menopausal symptoms, high blood pressure, pain, and anxiety. In tropical areas of Asia, it's also thought to enhance libido and overall happiness.
Fennel essential oil is described as sweet and spicy, extracted from the seeds of the fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare) by steam or biocompatible solvent (e.g., olive oil) distillation. It's noted for its licorice-like aroma profile, which is useful in cooking and aromatherapy.
Fennel oil is one of the most versatile and valuable oils in natural medicine, with various benefits for digestion, skin, respiratory system, and mood. It can help relieve indigestion, bloating, cramps, fungal infections, inflammation, coughs, asthma, anxiety, and depression.
Lemon essential oil is commonly extracted from the peel of fresh lemons by steam distillation or cold-pressing. Its clean and uplifting aroma is a regular addition to cleaning products, air purifiers, and aromatherapy items.
Lemon oil has various benefits for skin, mood, health, and home. It can help cleanse the body, aid in digestion, reduce anxiety and depression, improve skin health, relieve pain, fight infections, and purify the air. Lemon EO is among the most popular and recognizable EOs in the natural wellness and consumer retail markets.
Limonene is generally considered safe when used in small amounts as a food additive or flavoring. However, it may cause some adverse effects when taken in inordinately high doses, applied directly to the skin, or consumed by a person with a citrus allergy, which is more commonly known as oral allergy syndrome (OAS).
Some possible side effects of limonene include skin irritation, eye irritation, respiratory problems, digestive problems, kidney damage, or tumors. It's also essential to consult a doctor before using it with other medications or supplements.
This wraps up our comprehensive primer on limonene. Be sure to check out the True Blue blog for more information on terpenes, cannabinoids and the future of the cannabis industry!
]]>Bisabolol exists in two enantiomeric forms, namely (−)-α-bisabolol and (+)-α-bisabolol, with the former being the more prevalent and biologically active form. Its structure comprises a bicyclic ring system, consisting of a six-membered ring fused with a ten-membered ring, resulting in a complex yet stable molecule.
Like other terpenes, bisabolol is more than a pleasant aroma. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. It can also modulate the effects of other compounds — such as cannabinoids in cannabis plants — via its role in the entourage effect.
This article explores alpha-bisabolol terpene's potential benefits and applications in more detail.
Bisabolol is renowned for its floral aroma, reminiscent of chamomile flowers. Its scent is often described as soothing and pleasant with a touch of honey, adding elegance to various products. It also imparts subtly sweet flavors when infused, contributing to its desirability in the culinary and cosmetic industries.
Bisabolol is abundant in nature, most notably in chamomile, which has been prized for centuries across several cultures for its calming properties and delicate scent. It's present in various cannabis strains alongside other terpenes, forming the complex chemical makeup of each. Bisabolol can also be extracted in respectable amounts from other botanical sources, such as the South African candeia tree and other species that possess similar floral scents.
Unlike most terpenes, Bisabolol is not the best bet for neuropathic pain relief, whose therapeutic potential revolves around anxiolytic, spasmolytic, or analgesic properties. Instead, contemporary scientific research suggests it can enhance skin health and appearance in many ways. Let's explore how.
Bisabolol can modulate the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. It can also suppress the activation of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils which cause signs and symptoms of inflammation, such as pain, swelling, heat, and redness.
Ingested bisabolol interacts with the endocannabinoid system, which regulates immune function. It can enhance the effects of cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, by increasing their bioavailability and binding affinity to cannabinoid receptors. These receptors are expressed in various tissues and organs, including the skin, brain, gut, and joints. By activating these receptors, bisabolol and cannabinoids can synergistically modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation.
Bisabolol's effective anti-inflammatory properties can benefit various conditions and diseases involving chronic or acute inflammation, such as arthritis, asthma, colitis, dermatitis, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
Bisabolol can protect the skin from damage and sensitivity caused by external factors, such as UV rays, pollutants, allergens, or cosmetic products. It can also help prevent or reduce skin reactions to these factors, such as rashes, itching, burning, or stinging.
Topically-applied bisabolol enhances skin barrier function by increasing the hydration and lipid content of the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of the skin. It can also reduce transepidermal water loss, which is the evaporation of water from the skin's surface. This helps prevent skin from drying out or cracking.
Bisabolol can also inhibit the expression of enzymes that degrade collagen and elastin, the skin's main structural proteins. It can also scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species, which are harmful molecules that cause oxidative stress and inflammation in the skin. By doing so, bisabolol can play a role in slowing skin aging and wrinkling.
Bisabolol's anti-irritant properties can benefit sensitive skin types and conditions, such as rosacea, eczema, psoriasis, and acne. It can also improve the skin's tolerance and compatibility with other ingredients in skincare and cosmetic products.
Bisabolol has also been shown to promote wound healing and fight against bacteria, fungi, and viruses that can cause infections or breakouts in the skin. It can also help balance the skin's natural flora and prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms.
The anti-microbial properties of bisabolol are rooted in its ability to disrupt the cell membranes, metabolic processes and enzyme activities of harmful microorganisms, which are necessary for their function and reproduction. It can also modulate the immune system and enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages, which are cells that engulf and destroy these microorganisms.
Bisabolol's anti-microbial properties can benefit various skin infections and conditions, such as acne, impetigo, candidiasis, herpes, and warts. It can also prevent or treat infections caused by wounds, burns, cuts, or insect bites. This improves the overall hygiene and freshness of the skin, controlling unpleasant odors caused by bacteria.
Bisabolol is a versatile terpene that can be used for all skin types and conditions. The Food and Drug Administration generally recognizes it as safe, with no known serious adverse effects. As such, you can find it in many everyday skincare and cosmetic products and in experimental food items that employ terpene infusion.
Bisabolol is a terpene with many potential applications in various industries.
Here are three notable uses of bisabolol:
While various terpene strain profiles are popular for calming elevated stress levels or providing a full-body buzz, there’s no reason not to try different cannabis strains and explore new experiences! If you want to see what alpha-bisabolol can do for you, here’s a short list of dispensary staples you should pick up, along with each cannabis strain's chemical makeup.
Girl Scout Cookies, or GSC, is a highly sought-after cannabis strain renowned for its exceptional potency and delicious flavor profile. This hybrid strain crosses Durban Poison and OG Kush, resulting in a well-balanced and potent experience. Its dense buds display vibrant colors, and the strain emits a fragrant aroma of sweet mint and earthy undertones.
Girl Scout Cookies offers a delightful blend of sweet, nutty, and vanilla flavors with a hint of spice on the exhale. With THC levels ranging from 17% to 28%, it delivers a euphoric cerebral high coupled with deep relaxation.
Black Lime is an intriguing cannabis strain known for its unique flavor profile and potent effects. This hybrid strain is thought to be a cross between the Black Lime Reserve and Northern Lights varieties. The buds of Black Lime feature deep purple hues when grown properly with healthy trichomes.
Black Lime's aroma is a captivating blend of zesty lime and earthy undertones, with hints of pine and spice. It offers a smooth and flavorful experience that delights the palate. The high THC content, ranging from 20% to 26%, induces a cerebral and uplifting experience accompanied by relaxing physical effects. Users seeking stress relief, mood elevation, and creative inspiration often opt for this strain.
Mixed Berry is an enticing cannabis strain that's become a cult favorite due to its fruity aroma and flavorful hits. This hybrid strain is believed to be a cross between various berry-flavored strains, resulting in a delightful blend of tastes and effects. The buds of Mixed Berry exhibit shades of green and purple with vibrant orange pistils when grown with ample nutrients.
Mixed Berry's aroma is reminiscent of a berry patch, with notes of sweet strawberries, blueberries, and a hint of citrus. It offers a smooth and enjoyable flavor that leaves a pleasant aftertaste when consumed. The effects of this strain are typically balanced, providing a euphoric and uplifting cerebral experience combined with mild relaxation. Mixed Berry is often sought after by users looking for a flavorful and refreshing cannabis experience with a pleasant high.
If you'd prefer to choose the exact terpenes you'd like to utilize without the psychoactive effects of cannabis consumption, you could decide to go the aromatherapy or infused products route. Here are three essential oils containing high concentrations of bisabolol:
Chamomile essential oil is derived from the flowers of the chamomile plant, primarily the species Matricaria chamomilla (German) or Chamaemelum nobile (Roman). Known for its calming and soothing properties, chamomile oil has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and aromatherapy.
Chamomile oil is valued for its potential to promote relaxation, reduce anxiety, and sleep aid. It's also known for its anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing effects, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
Candeia essential oil is derived from the Candeia tree, scientifically known as Eremanthus erythropappus or Vanillosmopsis erythropappa. This unique essential oil is highly valued for its soothing and healing properties.
Candeia oil is often used in aromatherapy for its potential to promote calmness and mental clarity. It's also renowned for its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic qualities, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare formulations. Its distinct fragrance makes it a popular choice in perfumery and fragrance blends.
Sage essential oil is derived from the leaves of the Salvia officinalis plant, a member of the mint family. With a strong, herbaceous aroma, sage oil has been used for centuries for its therapeutic properties. It's well-known for its potential to promote focus and emotional balance and open up the airways.
Sage oil is often used in aromatherapy to support concentration during study or meditation. Additionally, sage oil is valued for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, making it a popular ingredient in natural cleaning products and personal care items. The stimulating and rejuvenating scent of sage essential oil is commonly enjoyed in diffusers, massage blends, bath products, and natural remedies, offering both atmosphere and potential health benefits.
Avoid using bisabolol products if you have a known allergy to chamomile or other plants in the same family. They may cause allergic reactions, such as skin rashes, itching, hives, or swelling.
Bisabolol may also interact with some medications, lowering the heart rate and blood pressure by blocking the action of certain chemicals in the body. These interactions can cause problems if you're taking drugs like beta-blockers (e.g., bisoprolol), which have a similar effect. When taking heart or blood pressure medication, consult your doctor before consuming cannabis terpenes like bisabolol.
To avoid potential side effects or unwanted interactions, you should always read the label and follow the usage recommendations of any product containing bisabolol. You should also test a small amount of the product on your skin before using it to check for allergic reactions. If you experience any severe or unusual symptoms after consuming bisabolol, you should discontinue use and seek medical attention immediately.
Despite its potential benefits, some limitations exist in conducting and interpreting bisabolol research. First, bisabolol's low solubility and stability in water affect its bioavailability. Researchers have tried to use different formulations and carriers, such as cyclodextrin and liposomes. These methods may alter the biological activity and safety of bisabolol.
There's also a lack of standardized methods and protocols for evaluating the effects of bisabolol in different models and systems. There needs to be a consensus on the optimal dose, route, duration, and frequency of administration of bisabolol for various conditions and outcomes.
There's a need for rigorous and well-designed clinical trials to confirm the efficacy and safety of bisabolol in humans, as most existing studies have been conducted in vitro or in animal models. More research is needed to address these limitations and establish bisabolol's molecular mechanisms and pharmacokinetics in various settings.
We hope this primer on bisabolol has demonstrated its potential benefits and applications outside of a cup of chamomile tea!
If you want to see what this terpene can do for you, check out our True Blue sample pack builder here.]]>Isopulegol is a cyclic monoterpene with the molecular formula C10H18O. It has four stereoisomers: cis- and trans-isopulegol, and cis- and trans-p-menth-8-en-3-ol. Isopulegol is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 216°C and a melting point of 80°C. It is soluble in ethanol and ether but insoluble in water. It can be synthesized from citronellal or extracted from plant-based essential oils (EOs).
Aside from its natural appeal as an additive to bath products and food items, some studies suggest that isopulegol may possess antioxidant properties, antiviral properties, and a range of other therapeutic benefits.
This primer covers everything you need to know about this terpene, from its potential benefits and applications to the best cannabis strains with high concentrations of isopulegol.
Isopulegol is surprisingly scarce in nature and is most commonly prepared synthetically from citronellal, a more common terpene. However, there are a few reliable sources of isopulegol for those who prefer organically-derived terpenes.
Some notable botanical sources include:
Isopulegol smells and tastes like fresh peppermint, with a hint of citrus and floral notes. It can also have a slightly spicy or woody undertone, depending on the plant or product it's derived from. Isopulegol is largely perceived as one of the most pleasant and refreshing terpenes thanks to its potent minty aroma and flavor profile, with the ability to stimulate the senses and invigorate the mind.
Apart from its cosmetic uses, isopulegol also has potential health benefits that have been explored in scientific literature. It's worth noting that most of the studies around these benefits are based on animal models, and researchers concluded that further testing is needed to confirm its effects on humans.
Isopulegol has demonstrated a protective effect against seizures and convulsions in multiple studies. This may be due to its ability to modulate the GABA-A receptor, which regulates brain activity, stress, and mood. This modulation of GABA-A is likely the central factor in isopulegol's ability to control anxiety levels in mice.
A 2020 study from Brazil's Regional University of Cariri highlighted isopulegol's ability to reduce acute and chronic inflammation via its modulation of histamine and prostaglandin pathways involved in irritant and erythrogenic responses. This modulatory effect on inflammatory mediators can also prevent the formation of ulcers in the stomach and intestines.
If you aren't impressed yet, isopulegol has also been shown to have antiviral effects against the influenza virus strains H1N1 and H1N2 in vitro. This may be due to its ability to interfere with the virus's early stages of infection.
While isopulegol may have drawn the interest of researchers due to its medicinal properties, its pleasant aroma and calming effect profile have also attracted a variety of product manufacturers in different industries.
Isopulegol is often used in cosmetics such as lip balms, creams, lotions, and shampoos. It provides a refreshing and cooling sensation on the skin and hair and has a pleasant minty fragrance.
Isopulegol is used in beauty products such as nail polish, deodorants, and perfumes. It enhances aroma and flavor, shelf life, and stability. It's popular in scented personal care products such as soap, toothpaste, mouthwash, and chewing gum. It gives these products a fresh and clean scent and taste and a soothing antiseptic effect on the oral cavity.
Like other terpenes, isopulegol is also used in aromatherapy via an essential oil diffuser or infused items like candles. It has a calming and relaxing effect on the mind and body and potential anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects on the respiratory system.
Isopulegol is a terpene present in a surprising number of highly popular cannabis strains. Let's look at three examples below.
Kosher Tangie is a delightful blend of Kosher Kush and Tangie strains, resulting in a truly unique and flavorful experience. With THC levels ranging from moderate to high, Kosher Tangie offers a potent and uplifting high, perfect for recreational and medicinal users.
The aroma of Kosher Tangie is a delightful fusion of sweet citrus and earthy undertones, creating an enticing sensory experience. Known for its ability to induce creativity, euphoria, and relaxation, this strain is highly regarded among cannabis enthusiasts.
OG Kush is an iconic cannabis strain known for its strong and distinct aroma. It offers a complex blend of earthy, pine, and citrus notes, creating a sensory experience like few other indica-dominant hybrids.
OG Kush boasts potent THC levels, delivering a long-lasting and deeply relaxing high. It's highly sought after for its ability to induce a blissful state of euphoria while simultaneously easing stress and tension.
With its reputation for delivering a balanced combination of physical and mental effects, OG Kush loved by both recreational and medicinal users alike.
Headband is a cross between the renowned OG Kush and Sour Diesel strains, resulting in a remarkable combination of genetics. True to its name, Headband is known for its cerebral effect profile that creates a gentle pressure around the temples, reminiscent of wearing a headband. The high THC content in Headband offers a powerful and long-lasting experience, leaving users feeling uplifted, euphoric, and mentally stimulated.
The aroma of Headband is often described as a delightful blend of diesel, earthy undertones, and hints of citrus, creating an enticing olfactory experience. Headband's unique combination of effects and its appealing flavor profile have made it a favorite among cannabis consumers of all levels.
If you're looking to access the therapeutic potential of isopulegol without the psychoactivity of cannabis, we've got you covered.
Here's a short list of EOs containing significant amounts of isopulegol, listed in order of highest to lowest concentration:
Peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil is widely recognized among product manufacturers and DIYers as the single most reliable botanical source of isopulegol. It also contains other constituents such as menthol, menthone, and menthyl acetate, contributing to its overall aroma and therapeutic properties.
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) essential oil is another prominent source of isopulegol. While it may not contain as high a concentration as peppermint, it's one of the most commonly used EOs for accessing the terpenes cineol (i.e. eucalyptol) and isopulegol.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata) essential oil is also known to contain isopulegol, although in markedly lower concentrations than peppermint oil. Still, it's a popular choice for infusing aromatherapy products like bath bombs due to its refreshing scent and potential health benefits.
It's important to remember that concentrations of isopulegol can vary depending on factors such as plant species, growing conditions, and extraction methods used to create specific EOs. It's always recommended to consult reliable sources (or the EO manufacturers themselves) to obtain the most accurate information on average isopulegol content in EOs.
While isopulegol is generally considered safe, it's essential to be aware of potential side effects and take the necessary precautions. High concentrations of isopulegol can irritate the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. In some individuals, it may trigger allergic reactions or respiratory issues.
When using EOs containing high levels of isopulegol, it's crucial to perform a patch test and dilute it properly before topical use. It may also interact with other terpenes, cannabinoids, and medications, so it is advisable to consult a doctor before using it for medical purposes.
Check out True Blue’s shop for more terpene profiles and explainers on the potential role of terpenes in the future of the cannabis industry!
]]>Whether you’re a weed enthusiast or are interested to learn more about it, read our guide to 82 of the most interesting facts about weed, such as its origins and effects on your health.
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Are live resin terps really worth the hype? Do they have any significant advantages over other extraction methods or products? In this article, we'll examine three popular marketing claims around live resin terps, and whether or not they match up with the facts. We'll also provide tips and recommendations for those interested in creating their own infusions with live resin terps.
Terpenes are very volatile and sensitive to heat, light, and oxygen. They can easily degrade or evaporate during the drying, curing, or extraction process of cannabis plants. This can result in a loss of potency, flavor, or aroma of the final product. To prevent this, some producers use live resin extraction, which involves freezing the fresh cannabis plant materials right after harvest and extracting the terpenes using solvents at low temperatures.
Live resin terps are sold as standalone products or added to other cannabis products such as oils, tinctures, edibles, or vape cartridges. They're marketed as specially formulated products that offer a more intense and enjoyable experience than other terpene products. They're also more expensive than other terpenes, reflecting their perceived quality and rarity.
But how true are these claims? Are live resin terps really superior to other terpene products, or are they just a marketing gimmick that exploits consumers' desire for novelty and authenticity?
One of the main selling points of live resin terps is that they're more natural or authentic than other terpene products. They supposedly capture the raw essence of cannabis, and an unadulterated terpene profile of each strain. However, this isn't necessarily true! Live resin terps are still extracted using solvents and processed in a lab, which means they may contain impurities or additives that affect their overall quality.
Live resin extraction is not a simple or clean process. It involves freezing the fresh cannabis plant materials using liquid nitrogen or dry ice, then grinding them into a fine powder. The powder is then mixed with a solvent, such as butane, propane, or ethanol, and subjected to high pressure and low temperature.
The solvent dissolves cannabinoids and terpenes from the plant material and forms a liquid solution. This solution is then filtered and purged to remove the solvent and any unwanted substances, such as fats, waxes, chlorophyll, or pesticides. The resulting product is a thick, sticky substance that contains concentrated cannabinoids and terpenes.
This process is not perfect by any means; it can still damage or alter some of the terpenes during extraction or purging. Some terpenes may also react with the solvent (or other compounds in the solution) to form new substances not present in the original plant material. Moreover, some producers add artificial flavors, colors, or preservatives to the live resin terps at this stage in order to enhance their appearance, taste, or shelf life. These additives may not be disclosed on the label or tested for safety or purity.
Live resin terps are not necessarily more natural or authentic than their conventional counterparts. They're still subject to human intervention and manipulation, which means they're no less likely to contain unknown substances that can affect their quality or safety.
Another common claim about live resin terps is that they're more potent or flavorful than other terpene products, offering a more intense and enjoyable experience. On the contrary, live resin terps may lose some of their volatile compounds during extraction or storage, just as with any other method of terpene production. This means the end product is just as likely to have a different ratio of terpenes than the original plant material, which can affect their effect profiles and interactions with cannabinoids.
Live resin extraction may minimize some terpene degradation by using low temperatures and solvents, but it cannot prevent it completely as many producers claim. Some of the terpenes may still escape or degrade during the extraction or purging process. Some of them may also oxidize or degrade during storage — especially when exposed to air, light, heat, or moisture.
Live resin extraction may not preserve the exact profile or ratio of terpenes present in the living plant. This is because different parts of the plant have different concentrations or compositions of terpenes. For example, the flowers typically contain more terpenes than leaves or stems. The extraction process may not capture all of these variations and nuances.
As with conventional terpene extraction, live resin extraction is open to bias or error in the selection or mixing of plant materials. Some producers may use only certain parts of the plant, or certain strains of cannabis with higher yields or more desirable characteristics. This can result in a different profile or ratio of terpenes than what's found in nature.
Live resin terps are not necessarily more potent or flavorful than other terpene products. They can lose some of their volatile compounds during extraction or storage. They may also have a different profile or ratio of terpenes than the original plant material, which can affect their role in a potential cannabis entourage effect.
Live resin terps are also billed as more beneficial, with unique or superior properties that make them more effective for medicinal use. In fact, live resin terps have not been proven to have any distinctive properties that make them more effective for medical or recreational purposes. They may also have some negative side effects or interactions with medications or other substances.
Terpenes have been shown to produce a range of beneficial effects on the human body and mind. They can modulate mood, cognition, pain, inflammation, appetite, sleep, and more. They also interact with cannabinoids to enhance the overall therapeutic potential of cannabis.
However, these effects and benefits aren't exclusive to live resin terps. They're shared by all terpene products that contain similar compounds and concentrations. There's no scientific evidence that live resin terpenes are better or worse for medical or recreational purposes when compared to conventional terpenes.
While live resin terps are no more or less special than terps produced or extracted the old-fashioned way, that certainly doesn't mean they aren't worth trying! To close out the article, let's go over three strains offering diverse and appealing terpene profiles that lend themselves to producing quality live resin terps.
It's worth noting that individual preferences can vary, and experimenting with different strains can lead to the discovery of new and exciting profiles that cater to specific tastes and desired effects.
We hope this explainer has helped to clear up any confusion you might have around live resin terps! Check out the rest of the True Blue blog for more informative articles on everything cannabis and terpenes!
]]>Trichomes are tiny, crystal-like structures that cover the buds, leaves, and stems of the cannabis plant, but not cannabis flowers. Understanding the stages of trichome development and knowing when to harvest cannabis is vital for independent cultivators.
In this article, we'll look into what cannabis trichomes are, explore the stages of trichome development, and how they indicate readiness for harvest. We'll discuss trichome types (including clear trichomes, cloudy trichomes, and amber trichomes) and the effects different stages of trichome development have on the overall potency and potential benefits of the cannabis plant.
Trichomes are microscopic structures found on the surface of the leaves, stems, and, most notably, the buds of a cannabis plant. These hair-like strands resemble tiny mushrooms and play a crucial role in the plant's survival and protection.
Composed of cells that contain resin glands, these glandular trichomes store valuable cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds that contribute to the unique characteristics of cannabis plants. They act as a defense mechanism that deters pests, protects against UV radiation, and reduces water loss through evaporation.
Cannabis plants can have different types of trichomes, but the two most prominent ones are bulbous trichomes and capitate-stalked trichomes. Bulbous trichomes are small, spherical structures found throughout the plant, while capitate-stalked trichomes are larger and more abundant on the cannabis bud.
Trichome stages of development are visually distinct, evolving from clear to milky before eventually changing to an amber color.
Understanding the different stages of trichome development is essential for determining the ideal time to harvest marijuana plants and maximizing their desired cannabinoid and terpene contents.
Each stage of trichome development is characterized by changes in their physical appearance and chemical composition, offering valuable information for determining optimal harvest windows.
Let's explore each stage in detail:
Trichomes start forming before the flowering cycle. They initially appear clear or translucent during the early stages of development. Once the entire plant is flowering, trichomes begin actively producing cannabis resin. However, the cannabinoids and terpenes within these trichomes are still in the process of reaching their optimal levels.
Cannabis harvested while trichomes are clear generally contain weaker cannabinoids. The primary psychoactive compound tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is also in the process of developing during this stage. Harvesting when the trichomes are predominantly clear leads to a less satisfying experience and a less potent end product.
Clear trichomes indicate that the marijuana plant doesn't yet contain ideal THC levels. Rushing the harvesting process at this point will result in a loss of potential yield, affecting the buds' overall quality.
When growing cannabis, cultivators should examine trichomes and trichome production without bias. It's crucial to exercise patience, wait for the plant to mature, and show that it's ready to harvest with ripe buds.
TLDR: Clear trichomes mean your weed isn’t ready yet. Wait longer to harvest.
As the flowering process continues, clear trichomes tend to become milky or cloudy. This indicates a higher cannabinoid content, particularly THC, within the trichome heads. Cloudy trichomes are associated with a balanced combination of uplifting and relaxing effects.
Many cultivators consider this stage the optimal time for harvest (when trichome ripeness and THC levels are at their peak). The milky or cloudy trichomes indicate a good balance between potency and flavor, striking the ideal balance for those seeking a well-rounded cannabis experience.
When examining trichomes, most trichome glands should be milky or cloudy, with only a small portion still clear. Beginning the harvesting process during this stage ensures a potent and flavorful end product that delivers a harmonious blend of cannabinoids and terpenes.
TLDR; Milky or cloudy trichomes indicate an ideal balance between taste and potency. Now’s a great time to start your harvest!
In the final stage of trichome development, the cloudy trichomes gradually turn amber or brownish. Trichomes that have turned amber indicate the degradation of cannabinoids and a shift towards a more sedative effect profile.
It's worth noting that some consumers prefer the relaxing properties associated with amber trichomes. Harvesting at this stage may result in a more subdued psychoactive experience, which may be ideal for some use cases (e.g., insomnia, muscle spasticity).
Trichomes that have turned amber show that the plant is past peak ripeness for consumers seeking elevated cannabinoid levels. However, waiting until a small portion of the trichomes turns amber can be appropriate for those seeking a more calming and sleep-inducing effect, making this stage particularly favored by those looking to use cannabis as a form of pain relief or stress aid.
It's important to exercise caution when waiting for trichomes to turn amber because it can decline overall potency and flavor. It's best to harvest when trichomes are mostly milky with only a small percentage of amber, striking a balance between potency and potentially desirable sedative effects.
TLDR; Your weed is starting to degrade. This can promote sedative effects if that’s what you’re aiming for. Harvesting with just a small amount of amber trichomes is best to avoid excess loss of potency.
Determining the optimal harvest window requires careful observation and examination of trichomes and factors such as plant maturity, an individual's desired effects, and environmental conditions.
The timing of trichome development can vary between cannabis strains and individual plants. Closely monitor the trichomes of each plant to ensure accurate assessment and the desired outcome.
There are different types of trichomes on cannabis plants, but the most important ones for cannabinoid production are the stalked glandular trichomes. These have a multicellular head that contains a secretory disc and a subcuticular cavity where the metabolites accumulate. The biosynthesis of cannabinoids occurs in the secretory disc cells, where enzymes begin the conversion of precursor molecules into different cannabinoid acids.
The first step in cannabinoid biosynthesis is the formation of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), the mother of all cannabinoids. CBGA is produced by the condensation of geranyl pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid, mediated by the enzyme geranylpyrophosphate olivetolate geranyltransferase (GOT).
CBGA then serves as a substrate for three different enzymes that produce the main cannabinoid acids: tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabichromenic acid (CBCA). These enzymes are THCA synthase (THCAS), CBDA synthase (CBDAS) and CBCA synthase (CBCAS), respectively.
Cannabinoid acids are stored in the subcuticular cavity of the trichome head, where they can undergo non-enzymatic decarboxylation when exposed to heat or light. This process converts the acidic forms into their neutral counterparts, such as THC, CBD and CBG. These are active cannabinoids that interact with the endocannabinoid system in humans and animals.
Trichomes are essential for cannabinoid production in cannabis plants. They synthesize CBGA from precursor molecules and convert it into different cannabinoid acids using specific enzymes. The cannabinoid acids are then stored in trichome cavities until decarboxylated into their active forms.
The biosynthesis of terpenes also occurs in the secretory disc cells of trichome heads, where enzymes catalyze the conversion of precursors into different terpene classes. The first step in terpene biosynthesis is the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), the building blocks of all terpenes. IPP and DMAPP are derived from two pathways: the mevalonate pathway (MVA) in the cytosol and the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) in the plastids.
The next step in terpene biosynthesis is the condensation of IPP and DMAPP to form geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the precursor of monoterpenes. GPP can be further elongated to form farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) — which is the precursor of sesquiterpenes — and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which is the precursor of diterpenes. Specific enzymes called terpene synthases (TPS) convert these precursors into different terpenes.
Terpenes are then stored in the subcuticular cavity of the trichome head, where they can undergo oxidation, cyclization, rearrangement, and glycosylation reactions to form more complex and diverse terpenes. They can also interact with cannabinoids and other metabolites to modulate their effects and properties.
Trichomes synthesize IPP and DMAPP from two pathways and condense them to form different terpene precursors. The terpene precursors are converted into various terpenes by specific enzymes. The terpenes are then stored in the trichome cavity until they are released by heat or mechanical damage.
Determining the optimal time to harvest cannabis plants comes down to a key combination of factors, with trichome examination arguably playing the most significant role. Here are some methods and techniques typically used by experienced cannabis growers to determine their desired harvest window:
Visual inspection of trichomes is one of the primary methods for gauging harvest readiness. Using a magnifying tool like a jeweler's loupe or microscope, growers closely examine the trichomes on the buds. Visual inspection focuses on assessing the ratio of trichomes being produced.
The color and transparency of trichomes provide crucial information about their maturity. Clear trichomes indicate immaturity, milky trichomes suggest peak potency and flavor, and amber trichomes signal a decline in potency and a shift toward a more sedative effect profile.
By closely inspecting the trichomes' color and transparency, growers can make informed decisions around harvest times based on their desired effects and cannabinoid levels.
Sugar leaves, the small leaves surrounding the buds, can also provide insights into the plant's readiness for harvest. When sugar leaves turn yellow or begin to wither, it indicates that the plant has reached an advanced stage of maturity.
Inspection of sugar leaves should be used in conjunction with trichome examination, as more than sugar leaf color is needed to provide a complete picture of the trichome development.
Pistils are tiny hairs found on bud sites, which change color as the plant matures. They start as white hairs that stick straight but darken and curl inwards as the plant matures. While changes in pistil color can be helpful, it shouldn't be the sole factor in determining harvest readiness.
Environmental conditions, such as the length of the flowering phase and the strain's specific requirements, can influence the ideal harvest time. Indica strains, for example, tend to have shorter flowering cycles than sativa strains.
As a starting point, growers should consider the strain's characteristics and flowering time (indicated by the breeder or seed bank).
A grower's desired effects should be considered when determining ideal harvest times. Monitoring trichomes and selecting stages that align with individual desired effects can help achieve a more personalized cannabis experience.
For those with access to testing facilities, analyzing cannabinoid and terpene profiles through laboratory testing can provide accurate information about the plant's chemical composition. This data can serve as a valuable tool in determining the right time to harvest based on desired cannabinoid levels and as a reference point for future growing projects.
By combining these methods and considering the interplay between trichome development, visual cues, and personal preferences, growers can make well-informed decisions about optimal harvest time. Harvesting at the right time ensures the preservation of desirable cannabinoids, terpenes, and overall quality, leading to a rewarding and satisfying end product.
Once the optimal harvest time has been determined, it's equally important to employ proper harvesting techniques to ensure the best possible quality and trichome preservation on cannabis buds. Here are some commonly used methods for harvesting cannabis:
Hand-trimming involves carefully removing fan and sugar leaves from the buds by hand. This method allows for precise trimming and minimizes the risk of damaging trichomes.
Many growers favor hand-trimming as it provides greater control over the final appearance and quality of the buds. However, manually removing fan leaves can be time-consuming, especially for larger harvests.
Using machine trimmers designed to remove leaves from the buds is more efficient for large-scale operations. While this method saves time and labor, it may result in slightly lower-quality buds than hand-trimming.
Machine trimmers can sometimes damage trichomes and achieve a different precision level than hand-trimming. However, technological advancements have led to developing gentler trimming machines that better preserve trichomes.
Trimming can be done either when the plant is freshly harvested (wet trimming) or after it's been dried (dry trimming). Wet trimming involves removing the leaves immediately after harvest while the plant is still moist. This method can make the trimming process easier because the leaves are more pliable, but it can also increase the risk of moisture-related issues during drying.
Dry trimming involves allowing the plant to dry partially or fully before trimming. This allows for better control over moisture levels, resulting in a smoother drying process.
Regardless of the trimming method chosen, handling buds carefully is a must to preserve their delicate trichomes. Excessively rough, excessive handling or squeezing of the buds can lead to trichome loss and lower quality.
Wearing gloves when trimming can help minimize trichome damage. Using tools with non-stick surfaces, such as Teflon-coated or silicone-coated scissors, can also help prevent trichome loss from sticking to the surfaces.
After trimming, the buds must be dried and cured to achieve optimal flavor, potency, and texture. Drying involves hanging the trimmed buds in a dark and well-ventilated area with controlled humidity. This process allows moisture to evaporate from the buds while preserving trichomes slowly.
Once the buds are sufficiently dried, they can be transferred to airtight containers for curing. Curing involves storing the buds in jars or containers (typically for a few weeks) and allowing them further to develop their distinct aroma, flavor, and smoothness. Drying and curing are crucial steps in maximizing the quality and shelf-life of harvested cannabis.
Growers aim to produce high-grade cannabis with desirable cannabinoid levels, terpene profiles, and quality. Understanding the intricacies of trichome development, employing effective harvesting techniques, and paying attention to environmental factors are useful tools for ensuring quality harvests.
The ability to accurately assess trichome development and determine optimal harvest times is a skill that comes with experience and careful observation. The art of harvesting cannabis is finding the perfect balance between peak potency and targeted effects.
There's growing interest in the scientific community surrounding trichome development and harvesting techniques. As the cannabis industry grows, researchers are looking deeper into different aspects of trichome development. This could lead to targeted interventions to enhance trichome productivity and the production of specific cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds.
We hope this article has helped to shed some light on the crucial role of trichomes in cannabis cultivation for DIYers and commercial growers alike. Be sure to consult with your local budtender if you're looking to give cultivation a try yourself!
]]>Delta-3 carene has been gaining attention for its potential health benefits and medicinal efficacy. Researchers have been exploring its effects on the respiratory tract, antimicrobial properties, and ability to improve bone health by lowering the risk of bone disease. It's also been shown to have a positive effect on memory retention, which could have implications for patients suffering from degenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease.
This article looks into the various aspects of delta-3 carene, from its smell and taste to its potential health benefits, industrial applications, and possible future research directions.
Delta-3 carene possesses a pungent aroma that can be described as sweet, woody, and earthy. This aroma varies depending on the concentration and other terpenes in the plant or essential oil. The terpene has a sweet and herbal flavor with subtle undertones of pine.
When consumed, delta-3 carene can help promote mental focus and contribute to the sensory experience of the cannabis plant (via the entourage effect). Sensitivity to taste and smell can vary, which may affect individual experiences.
The taste and smell of delta-3 carene can be influenced by the method of extraction, processing, and the specific cannabis strains or essential oils being used. Understanding its olfactory and gustatory properties highlights its potential in the fragrance, flavor, and culinary industries.
Delta-3 carene exhibits notable biological activities that contribute to its potential range of health benefits. Let's explore these aspects in more detail:
According to multiple studies, carene can stimulate the growth and repair of bones by increasing calcium absorption. It does this by affecting the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone formation and resorption. Osteoblasts secrete a protein called osteocalcin, which binds to calcium and helps deposit it into the bone matrix.
Osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release calcium into the bloodstream. Carene may stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts, increasing the amount of calcium incorporated into the bones while reducing the amount left unutilized. This may help prevent or reverse bone loss while improving bone density and strength and prevent or treat conditions like osteoporosis and arthritis.
Delta-3 carene has also been studied for its potential as an antifungal agent, particularly in treating dermatophyte strains that cause skin and nail infections. Its antibacterial and antifungal activity makes it a good candidate among other natural additives in the cosmetics industry.
Because it's common in different essential oils known to fight fungal infections in plants and the human body, delta-3 carene has a wide range of potential applications in the development of antimicrobial agents and personal care products.
Some studies have indicated that carene may promote wound healing and tissue regeneration. It's been observed to have the beneficial effect of stimulating collagen production, a key component in wound repair and tissue formation.
Both anecdotal reports and researchers concluded that delta-3 carene has potential as "one of the therapeutic alternatives to conventional medicines used for promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration."
Concentrations of delta-3 carene in specific strains of the cannabis plant and other essential oils have been associated with respiratory health benefits. Even in low concentrations, it's believed to help alleviate common respiratory symptoms such as coughing and congestion.
Delta-3 carene continues to be a subject of interest in phytotherapy research. However, it's worth noting that many studies have been conducted in preclinical or laboratory settings. Further research is needed to understand the precise mechanisms behind these effects fully.
Future clinical trials and comparative studies would be needed to assess the medicinal efficacy of delta-3 carene in humans and explore its potential in treating specific medical conditions.
Want to see what carene can do for you? Let's go over three uplifting cannabis strains with ample concentrations of this terpene below.
Jack Herer is a legendary sativa-dominant hybrid that pays homage to the renowned cannabis activist and author.
With its earthy and spicy aroma, Jack Herer boasts a potent blend of cerebral euphoria and physical relaxation. It's known for enhancing creativity, focus, and energy levels, making it a popular choice for daytime use.
When enjoying this celebrated cannabis herb, expect smooth hits and a clear-headed high that inspires motivation and a sense of blissfulness.
AK-47 is a THC-heavy hybrid that packs a powerful punch.
With its potent and skunky aroma, this strain blends the best of sativa and Indica effects, offering an uplifting and euphoric experience accompanied by deep relaxation. Users can expect enhanced creativity, heightened mood, and a soothing body buzz.
AK-47 is favored for its versatility and ability to alleviate stress while promoting a sense of overall well-being.
Super Lemon Haze is also a sativa-dominant hybrid that delivers a zesty and refreshing experience.
Known for its uplifting and energizing effects, this strain is a go-to choice for daytime use. Super Lemon Haze offers a cerebral high that promotes focus, creativity, and positivity. Its flavorful smoke carries a hint of sweetness, leaving users feeling refreshed and mentally stimulated.
Prepare to embark on a joyful and citrus-infused journey when sitting down to a bowl of this strain.
If aromatherapy or infused personal care products are more your speed, you can also reliably find carene in many popular essential oils. Let's look at some examples below.
Juniper essential oil is derived from the berries of the juniper tree via steam or oil distillation.
It possesses a refreshing, woody aroma and is renowned for its cleansing and purifying properties.
Juniper essential oil is often used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation, improve respiratory health, and support overall well-being.
Cypress essential oil is extracted from the leaves and twigs of the cypress tree, known for its tall and majestic appearance.
It offers a fresh, woody scent and is valued for its calming and grounding effects.
Cypress essential oil is commonly used to support healthy circulation, soothe muscular discomfort, and promote emotional balance and vitality.
Pinewood essential oil is obtained through steam distillation of the needles of various pine tree species.
It carries a distinct, invigorating scent reminiscent of a forest.
With its cleansing and revitalizing properties, pinewood essential oil is often used to enhance respiratory health, boost mental clarity, and create a refreshing atmosphere in aromatherapy practices.
Delta-3 carene, with its unique aromatic and functional properties, is useful in various industries.
Its pleasant scent is often utilized in the fragrance industry to infuse woody, pine-like notes to perfumes and colognes and scented products like candles and incense. It's also used to add an herbal, refreshing taste to the flavor profiles of food and beverage items.
The therapeutic potential of delta-3 carene and other terpenes have also sparked interest as an emerging alternative to synthetic drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. It may be valuable in developing novel treatments targeting inflammation, localized infection, and wound healing.
The gentle aroma and potential skincare benefits make delta-3 carene a desirable component in cosmetics and personal care products. It's often incorporated into natural skincare formulations — such as creams, lotions, and soaps — in the form of juniper oil.
As research on the beneficial properties of delta-3 carene progresses, its utilization is likely to expand into an increasing number of consumer products. By harnessing its unique properties, industries can explore new formulations that cater to consumer preferences for natural and sustainable options.
While organic terpenes are generally considered safe for consumption and use, it's important to consider safety and take the necessary precautions. Here are some to bear in mind:
We hope this primer on carene has shed some light on its sources, uses, and benefits for your strain selection purposes. Be sure to check out the rest of the True Blue blog for more of our comprehensive terpene profiles!
]]>Guaiol has a woody aroma with rose notes. Its flavor and aroma profile is recognizable thanks to its naturally high concentrations in the subtropical guaiacum plant. It's also present in coniferous trees like cypress pine.
In this article, we'll explore guaiol terpene effects and its potential therapeutic value. We'll discuss ongoing research into its role in controlling cancer cells, blood pressure, and inflammatory conditions. We'll also go over how to best use guaiol, its concentration in select cannabis strains, and more!
Guaiol is a bicyclic sesquiterpenoid alcohol with a molecular weight of 222.37 g/mol. Guaiol is often found in low concentrations in cannabis flower and has a boiling point of around 198°C.
Thanks to its low boiling point, guaiol is more easily extracted and isolated than many other terpenes found in cannabis. With minimal wastage and degradation, manufacturers can incorporate it into fragrances, topical creams, and other products for its potential therapeutic effects.
Guaiol has been shown to have a significant inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are cell signaling molecules that play a role in inflammation. It's also been found to have potential anticancer properties. In a study conducted on lung cancer cells, guaiol inhibited cancer cell growth while also inducing apoptosis (or cell death).
In a 2020 study on the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, guaiol had a strong inhibitory effect, suggesting that it may have antibacterial benefits useful in treating staph infections. Guaiol may even play a role in reducing chronic high blood pressure.
More research will be needed to determine guaiol's effectiveness in humans. However, ongoing studies suggest that it may have potential as a natural supplement against common health issues like hypertension or skin infections. Its demonstrated antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects make it an exciting area for further research.
Guaiol is naturally found in several plant species, including cypress pines, nutmeg and the oily timber of the tropical guaiacum plant. Guaiol is present in these plants' essential oils (EOs) and is responsible for their woody aroma.
Guaiol is also in trace amounts in other EOs, including tea tree essential oil. These oils are common in aromatherapy and natural medicine.
Although it's currently a lesser-known terpene within the cannabis industry (particularly when compared to its more popular cousins like linalool), guaiol is one of the more common terpenes in weed.
The following strains have high concentrations of Gualiol:
Guaiol terpene can is in products like essential oils, topical creams, and aromatherapy candles.
For conventional aromatherapy, guaiol is diffused into the air using a diffuser. It’s also added to carrier oils such as coconut or jojoba oil and applied topically. Guaiol can even be consumed by smoking or vaporizing strains of the cannabis plant that have it in high concentrations, like the ones listed above.
We recommend you consult with a healthcare professional before using guaiol as a dietary or therapeutic supplement — particularly if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medication.
Guaiol has various industrial uses due to its unique chemical properties. Examples of major industrial applications of guaiol include:
Guaiol presents a wealth of industrial applications due to its unique chemical properties. Its potential as a biofuel candidate and its impressive antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties make it a promising compound for multiple lines of research.
As with many concentrated plant extracts, guaiol isn't without its share of potential side effects. Individuals with sensitive skin or a history of allergies should be cautious when using it topically or consider diluting it with a carrier oil to avoid irritation, rashes and other adverse reactions.
Inhalation of guaiol terpene can also cause respiratory irritation, especially when inhaled in high concentrations. It's best to use guaiol in well-ventilated areas or stick to using high guaiol EOs in a diffuser.
Guaiol is a unique and versatile terpene with a distinctive chemical structure that makes it less volatile than other terpenes. With a wide range of potential benefits for human health and wellness, it's shown significant therapeutic promise and industrial utility.
Guaiol is one of the more fascinating, underappreciated terpenes currently being explored by scientific researchers.
If you're interested in experiencing the wonders of guaiol yourself, look for products infused with this terpene, or consider growing your own plants that produce it in ample amounts!]]>Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) products are some of the most exciting to hit the legal cannabis industry in recent years. They're currently being marketed as an alternative to the more conventional tetrahydrocannabinol (i.e. delta-8 THC) and delta-9 THC products.
In this article, we'll explain what HHC is, how it differs from other hemp-derived cannabinoids like THC and CBD, and why you should try HHC vape cartridges. We'll also review some of the best HHC vape carts available, and give you tips on how to use them safely and effectively.
HHC is a naturally-occurring cannabinoid found in small quantities within the hemp plant (specifically in its seeds and pollen) making it incredibly expensive to extract. Most commercial HHC is regarded as "semi-synthetic," which is to say that although it's not fully comprised of synthetic agents, it does require a significant amount of processing.
HHC is federally legal under the 2018 Farm Bill, which allows for hemp extracts and products containing less than 0.3% THC. However, some states have conflicting laws that could make HHC illegal or restricted. These states include Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Iowa, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Utah and Vermont.
It's advisable to check the current regulations in your state before using HHC carts, edibles, or other products.
There have been more than 100 cannabinoids found in cannabis, but the most commonly known are THC, delta-9 THC and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the cannabis component that makes you feel high, while CBD has shown impressive therapeutic potential with virtually negligible psychoactive activity.
Pure HHC was first isolated in 1944 by the American chemist Roger Adams, when he added hydrogen molecules to delta-9 THC. This process is known as hydrogenation, and converts THC to HHC. HHC extract can also be derived from hemp, which is a low-THC cannabis plant that is federally legal.
Unlike THC or delta-9 THC, HHC includes a hydrogen molecule that THC doesn't have. This contributes to HHC inducing less potent psychoactive effects than delta-9 THC. Some consumers report similar effects to delta-8 THC, while others find HHC to be noticeably less psychoactive.
As of this writing, HHC has no FDA-approved use and there is very limited information about its safety and usefulness. There are some reports of unwanted side effects being associated with the use of HHC disposable vapes, including lung injury and abnormal liver function.
Cannabis consumers can take advantage of the benefits of HHC via edibles like HHC gummies, but many prefer HHC vaping. An HHC vape pen is one of the most travel-friendly options, but there are many other vaporizers that can be used with HHC vape cartridges.
HHC vape carts typically contain a combination of the HHC cannabinoid and terpenes, which are organic hydrocarbons that give the cannabis plant its flavor and aroma. Combining different terpenes with HHC allows for plenty of product variation between HHC vapes.
True Blue is a company that provides the best quality and variety of terpenes for the hemp industry. We offer over 200 different terpene profiles, including strain-specific, fruit, candy, dessert, and beverage flavors. We also offer custom terpene blends and formulations to suit your needs and preferences.
Our terpenes are natural, pure, potent, and safe. They are compatible with any type of HHC distillate or oil and can be easily mixed and matched to create your own unique HHC cartridges. We have thousands of satisfied customers, including some of the best cartridge manufacturers in the market.
HHC cartridges are available in different strains including indica, sativa, hybrid, and CBD, each with its own effects and benefits. Some of the most popular strains of are Blue Dream, Gelato, Pineapple Express, and OG Kush.
Consuming HHC via vaping allows it to interact with CB1 receptors in the lungs, which are part of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is responsible for regulating key functions in your body including mood, pain perception, appetite, sleep, and memory.
When users vape HHC, it activates the ECS to produce a number of effects depending on the strain and dosage. For example, some vape cartridges can make you feel relaxed, happy, creative, or energetic. Others can play a role in pain relief, stress relief, insomnia, or anxiety.
As with any cannabis compound, there are a few best practices you need to know and do before you start vaping HHC. Here are some of the top precautions and guidelines around using an HHC vape cartridge safely and responsibly:
With so many brands and products on the market, it can be hard to choose the best HHC cartridge for your needs and preferences. We've taken the liberty of doing some of the research for you, and selected some of the best HHC carts based on their quality, potency, flavor, variety, and customer reviews.
Here are our top picks for the best HHC cartridges to try in 2023:
Brand |
Potency |
Flavor |
Variety |
Price |
---|---|---|---|---|
3Chi |
95% HHC |
Natural terpenes |
10 strains |
$34.99 |
Koi |
93% HHC |
Natural terpenes |
6 strains |
$34.99 |
Binoid |
94% HHC |
Natural terpenes |
6 strains |
$33.99 |
Flying Monkey |
90% HHC |
Natural terpenes |
4 strains |
$17.99 |
3Chi is one of the most reputable and popular brands in the hemp industry, offering a wide range of products with various cannabinoids, such as delta-8, delta-10, THC-O, THCV, and HHC. Their HHC cartridges are made with 95% HHC distillate and 5% natural terpenes, giving them a potent and flavorful vape experience.
3Chi offers 10 different strains of HHC cartridges, including indica, sativa, hybrid, and CBD options. Some of their most popular strains are Northern Lights, Blue Dream, Gelato, and Pineapple Express.
Koi is another well-known and trusted brand in the hemp market, offering high-quality products with various cannabinoids and terpenes. Their HHC cartridges are made with 93% HHC and 7% natural terpenes, giving them a rich and satisfying vape experience.
Koi offers six different strains of HHC cartridges, including indica, sativa, hybrid, and CBD options. Some of their most popular strains are Pink Cookies, Sour Diesel, Lemon OG Kush, and Strawberry Cough.
Binoid is a brand focusing on innovation and excellence in the hemp industry, offering a variety of products with different cannabinoids and terpenes. Their HHC cartridges are made with 94% HHC and 6% natural terpenes, giving users a powerful and enjoyable vape experience.
Binoid also offers six different strains of HHC cartridges, including indica, sativa, hybrid, and CBD options. Some of their most popular strains include Sunset Sherbet, Hawaiian Sunrise, Cali Gold, and Lucid Blue.
Flying Monkey aims to provide affordable and accessible products with an impressive selection of cannabinoids and terpenes. Their HHC cartridges are made with 90% HHC and 10% natural terpenes, making for a balanced and pleasant vape experience.
Flying Monkey offers four different strains of HHC cartridges, including indica, sativa, hybrid, and CBD options. Some of their most popular strains are Gorilla Glue #4, Sour Diesel #2, Blue Dream #2, and Granddaddy Purple #2.
HHC cartridges offer a unique and enjoyable vape experience that can provide some notable benefits for cannabis users. They're easy to use with a compatible battery or vape pen, and come in different strains and flavors to suit a range of individual preferences. However, you should always check the legality of HHC in your state, and take necessary precautions to use HHC carts safely and responsibly.
We hope this article has helped you learn more about what HHC is and how it can enhance your vaping experience! If you're interested in trying HHC cartridges, we recommend checking out some of the brands and products we reviewed above. They offer high-quality, potent, flavorful, and varied HHC cartridges to satisfy your needs and expectations.
]]>Farnesene has many potential benefits (e.g. anti-inflammatory properties) and therapeutic uses that we'll explore in this article. We'll also discuss how farnesene can be utilized or consumed in different ways — such as in fragrances or cannabis plants, craft beers or food products, or even insect repellents and pesticides.
Farnesene has many potential health benefits, with positive implications on everything from physiological to neurological conditions. Let's look at some examples of these below.
According to contemporary research into gut health, farnesene may be a key player in settling bacteria within the digestive tract and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, such as Candida albicans. Farnesene may also help with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by modulating the immune system and reducing oxidative stress.
Farnesene has demonstrated sedative and calming effects when present in chamomile, which can help ease individuals into a deep and restful sleep. This may be an adjunctive treatment for sleep disorders like insomnia. Farnesene inhalation has also shown an ability to induce mental calm, as seen in EEG readings showing a calm or “resting state.”
Farnesene can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, and may also help alleviate pain. It can act as an antifungal and antibacterial agent, killing harmful microorganisms that cause skin problems or infections, as well as destroying bacterial cell membranes in food-borne bacteria.
Farnesene can play a role in alleviating symptoms of common degenerative conditions like Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis by protecting brain cells and enhancing memory. It produces neuroprotective effects that can prevent cell death and oxidative damage in brain tissue.
Farnesene can also modulate the actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in learning and memory processes. Acetylcholine is essential for normal functioning of the nervous system. Low levels of acetylcholine can cause problems such as Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis, while high levels can lead to muscle spasms and seizures.
Farnesene can even fight cariogenic bacteria that cause dental plaque and cavities. Farnesene has anti-cariogenic properties that may inhibit the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus, a common bacterium that causes tooth decay.
It's worth noting that more research is needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of farnesene for humans. Most of the studies on farnesene have been done in vitro or in animal models, so the results may not be directly applicable in modern medicine. For this reason, it's important to consult a doctor before using it for medical purposes.
While it isn't as well known as more common terpenes, farnesene is routinely used and consumed in a range of commercial goods. The most common utilizations of farnesene today include:
Because it isn't as well-researched as more popular terpenes like myrcene or limonene, more time is needed to explore the full potential and applications of farnesene. It may have different effects depending on its mode of administration, dosage, source, quality, and individual factors.
Yes, farnesene can be used for aromatherapy due to its pleasant aroma and potential therapeutic benefits. It's important to remember that the aim of aromatherapy is to enhance the body's natural healing process and promote a sense of balance and harmony. The practice can be used to promote relaxation, reduce stress and anxiety, improve sleep, and alleviate physical symptoms associated with various health conditions.
Farnesene's sedative properties can make it a useful aid in promoting relaxation and reducing stress. When inhaled, farnesene can help regulate the body's response to stress, promoting a feeling of calm and relaxation. Essential oils high in farnesene (e.g. patchouli, chamomile) are typically also high in other anxiolytic terpenes like bisabolol.
Aromatherapy products containing farnesene can come in many forms, including candles, bath bombs, and massage oils. They can be used in a variety of settings, including at home, in spas, and in other therapeutic environments. Be sure to use quality essential oils and reliable diffusers to ensure you're getting the most out of aromatherapy sessions using farnesene.
Farnesene exists in high concentrations in green apple skins, which give them their characteristic fruity smell and taste. It can also be found in other common household ingredients like ginger, oranges, grapefruit, and turmeric.
Applesauce and strudel aside, farnesene can also be found in higher concentrations in a surprising number of popular weed strains. Let's look at four of them below.
Farnesene may trigger an immune response or hypersensitivity in some individuals, especially those with existing allergies or sensitivities to farnesene or its sources. It may also cause contact dermatitis or inflammation of the skin when applied topically.
Some cannabis DIYers have reported cases of farnesene interfering with medications or supplements with similar effects. These reports primarily revolve around drugs or supplements that affect the nervous or digestive system. This means farnesene may enhance or reduce their effects, leading to adverse outcomes or complications.
Farnesene reacts to oxygen over time, forming compounds damaging to fruits and other organic materials. For example, farnesene oxidation in green apples can cause scald, a storage disorder that injures their cell membranes and causes cell death, creating outer layers of flavorless pulp.
Finally, farnesene can rapidly degrade or evaporate when exposed to certain levels of heat, light, moisture, or air. This can affect quality, potency, shelf life, and safety when making your own e-liquids.
Not much has been documented on the safety or toxicity of farnesene in large doses, so it's important to consume it sparingly, and — above all — consult a doctor before using it as a therapeutic or dietary supplement.
As a group of sesquiterpenes, farnesene presents an impressive diversity of applications and effects, along with many potential benefits. It shows promise as a therapeutic agent, a flavor enhancer, and (in the case of beta-farnesene) an effective insect repellent.
Far from simply being a component of the cannabis plant, farnesene is a group of terpenes we consume and interact with on a daily basis; occurring in high concentrations in everything from green apples to quince and turmeric. However, more research is needed to explore its full potential and safety.
We hope this farnesene primer has provided you with more insight into the beneficial role of terpenes in our everyday lives!
]]>Terpenes are aromatic hydrocarbons found in plants and insects. They have been used for centuries as medicinal remedies. Today, they're studied extensively for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties.
Terpenes are an integral component of essential oils. They are best known for imparting flavors, aromas, and colors to products.
You can read our full explainer on how terpenes change the flavor and effect of weed here.
Terpene infusion allows manufacturers to create unique and enjoyable products with therapeutic potential.
Terpene-infused products provide natural alternatives to many everyday products with synthetic ingredients. Many offer health-promoting benefits without the use of artificial compounds.
Terpenes can enhance flavor and aroma when added to food or beverages. For example, CBD-infused recreational beverages often utilize terpenes as flavoring agents. Terpene infusion is also increasingly popular in experimental restaurants across the West coast.
The unique flavors of terpenes are also used in unconventional consumables like e-liquids. The availability of terpenes to the general public has also made them popular among home cooks.
Terpenes have been shown to provide medicinal benefits, including pain relief and producing anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. They may also be also effective in relieving symptoms of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
The terpene camphor can help to reduce inflammation and control the appearance of wrinkles. Acting as an antioxidant, it can help to fight free radicals that can cause cellular damage.
In addition, some terpenes can help to soothe skin irritations, such as eczema and psoriasis.
By moisturizing skin, terpenes can help it retain its natural elasticity and youthfulness. Certain terpenes even increase collagen production in the dermis to promote skin health.
Menthol is one terpene that can stimulate the scalp by improving circulation. This is essential for healthy hair growth. Others have antibacterial and antifungal properties, which help reduce scalp inflammation. Less inflammation can help in preventing dandruff and other scalp conditions.
Terpenes can also restore hair texture and shine. This is why essential oils are a mainstay in natural shampoo formulations.
The Entourage Effect describes the interaction of different compounds found in cannabis. Specifically, how they work to produce greater effects than any individual compound. These compounds include terpenes, cannabinoids and flavonoids.
Entourage effects are the reason full-spectrum formulations are considered superior to terpene isolates. Edibles and topicals are examples of cannabis products that can benefit from terpene infusion.
Terpenes have become a common additive to nicotine-and THC-based cartridges in recent years. They provide flavor, aroma, and potential health benefits to the vaping experience.
Terpene-infused carts fall into two categories: ones using natural terpenes and synthetic terpenes.
Limonene is one example of a natural terpene commonly infused into vape cartridges. It may have some health benefits, such as aiding digestion and reducing inflammation.
Limonene can be extracted from the peels of citrus fruits, such as lemons, limes, oranges, and grapefruits.
At True Blue, we use 100% natural food-grade terpenes. We don't rely on additives, diluents, or carrier agents to artificially boost or weaken our products.
Synthetic terpenes work similarly to their natural counterparts. They're created by chemical processes instead of refined from essential oils or extracted from plants. These compounds have a variety of uses, including as fragrances and flavoring.
Synthetic terpenes are becoming quite popular in vaping cartridges. This is because they have a longer shelf life than natural terpenes. They're used to alter the taste, smell and effects of vape oils without altering their chemical composition.
To close out the article, let's take a brief look at three infused products and how they're made below.
Terp-infused bath soaps are popular among high-end skincare companies. Using active organic ingredients lowers the risk of adverse reactions or effects. Terpenes also allow manufacturers to create unique aromas and impart specific benefits.
The infusion process begins by selecting terpenes based on their therapeutic profile. Then, they're mixed with carrier oils such as jojoba, sweet almond, or grapeseed oil.
Full incorporation requires the carrier oil and terpene mixture to be heated at low temperatures. This preserves the natural aroma and therapeutic benefits. Once completely infused, this mixture can be blended directly into the soap base during saponification.
These combine the muscle relaxant effects of eucalyptol with analgesic compounds. This creates a novel and potent solution for joint or muscle aches. Freeze sprays are easy to use and deliver quick, localized relief for hours.
Sports companies select and infuse terpenes that reduce inflammation or muscle tension. These include linalool, myrcene and humulene.
Once extracted from source plants, the terpenes are blended to reduce viscosity. Propylene glycol or alcohol is used to optimize the formulation for sprayability.
Edibles with terpenes offer an enhanced flavor profile and additional health benefits. CBD edibles, for example, may provide antioxidant benefits while helping with relaxation.
Adding terpenes can make them more enjoyable by adding distinct flavors and aromas. The positive reception around Maryland-based Curio Wellness' terpene-infused chews is an excellent example.
The process of infusing terpenes into edibles is simple but effective. First, the desired terpene strain and concentration are determined by the product. A citrus edible, for instance, is typically infused with limonene or valencine.
The terpenes are blended with a carrier oil such as MCT to ensure even distribution when infused. This mixture is then stirred or shaken into the edible base (e.g., for gummies or drinks). This allows the terpenes to be evenly dispersed throughout the product.
]]>Unlike THC, which is still classified as a controlled substance under federal law, other cannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) are non-psychoactive. They are legal for sale and consumption across all 50 states.
Of course, the therapeutic potential of marijuana and hemp plants is not limited to well-known cannabis compounds. Other cannabinoids like cannabinol (CBN) and the terpenes in different strains of cannabis have been shown to relieve symptoms of several health disorders prevalent in the United States.
Of the many cannabinoids currently being studied for their potential roles in treating a medical condition, delta-8 THC — arguably a synthetic cannabinoid — is arguably the most popular on the market today due to its high demand and unique neurophysiological effects.
In this post, we go over what you need to know about delta-8 and how its effects can be enhanced with cannabis terpenes.
Delta-8 is an isomer of delta-9 THC, with the main difference being their respective positions of double bonds. Although they have similar effects on the body, key differences in psychoactivity set them apart. Delta-8 is known to be a CB receptor agonist, making it helpful for managing symptoms associated with neurophysiological conditions like anxiety, mood or sleeping problems. This is why delta-8 has not yet been deemed illegal by federal law.
While THC is linked with pain relief and a sense of relaxation, delta-8 has been found to boost attention, hunger and wakefulness.
Delta-8 THC is not exclusively produced from marijuana or directly from the hemp plant; it's most commonly sourced from hemp-derived CBD extracted using solvents such as butane, ethanol, or propane. This CBD is refined or “converted” to delta-8 THC by refluxing it in an acid like toluene or heptane. It is a highly concentrated from of THC and can also be known as Delta 8 distillate.
Terpenes are naturally occurring aromatic compounds present in virtually all plant life. They can be found in flowers, fruits, spices, and insects. They are the key ingredient in essential oils, responsible for their unique flavors, aroma profiles and therapeutic properties.
Terpene content varies between plant species and different cannabis strains, playing critical roles throughout the various stages of plant growth cycles. They work as a natural pesticide, can ward off foragers, and even attract pollinators. There are even some terpenes that have antibacterial and antifungal properties, which help protect plants from disease.
Businesses use terpenes to create perfumes, cleaning solutions, and bath products. A growing interest in the potential medicinal value of the cannabis plant and cannabis-derived products has brought terpenes into mainstream conversation and spurred research into its viability as a therapeutic for everything from muscle spasms to mood disorders.
There's some debate as to whether or not delta-8 concentrates contain terpenes.
Most terpene-infused or "terped" delta-8 likely had them added in after the conversion process from CBD. It's not uncommon for some of the same terpenes found in marijuana (like myrcene, limonene, and linalool) to also be present in many delta-8 products, but this is not typically the result of converting hemp-derived CBD into delta-8.
Terpenes are included in many delta-8 products because they work synergistically with the effects delta-8 is known for. For example, myrcene gives off an earthy aroma and is known for its anxiolytic effects, while limonene is often added for its citrusy smell and anti-inflammatory properties. These are amplified by delta-8's psychoactive quality that leaves users feeling both euphoric and energized.
The synergistic effects of cannabinoids and terpenes on the body's endocannabinoid system are well-documented and popularized under an umbrella term known as the "Entourage Effect."
Entourage effects take place between both combinations of cannabinoids (e.g., THC and CBD in a full-spectrum formulation) and combinations of terpenes and cannabinoids (e.g., THC and myrcene in the strain Grandaddy Purple).
Adding terpenes to Delta-8 has been shown to create many benefits, including anti-inflammatory and focus-enhancing effects.
It's important to note that potential entourage effects involving delta-8 THC aren't just limited to cannabis-derived terpenes. Individuals looking to enhance the flavor and aroma of their delta-8 concentrates can use limonene sourced from Sour Diesel buds or citrus peels while simultaneously complementing the neuroprotective properties of delta-8.
DIYers making homemade cartridges can incorporate alpha-pinene into their formulations, whether from nuggets of Blue Dream or sprigs of rosemary. This may create a synergistic anticancer influence on the body's endocannabinoid receptors.
Whether or not terpenes are sourced from marijuana, users don't have to worry about the risk of intoxicating effects because of their isolation from THC, the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis.
Intoxication aside, it's still recommended that prospective users seek their doctor's advice in assessing their risk profile before using cannabinoids or terpenes to supplement conventional treatments for any medical condition.
As delta-8 THC rapidly gains popularity in the legal cannabis industry, standard delta-8 products infused with terpenes are a common sight on dispensary shelves everywhere from Oregon to Rhode Island, and for a good reason.
Because of their effects on flavor, aroma and therapeutic potential, terpenes make a natural addition to a range of delta-8 products, including:
Far from being a marketing ploy or gimmick, terpene infusion into delta-8 products isn't limited to online or brick-and-mortar weed shops, as is evidenced by the popularity of the practice among DIYers.
Let's close out the article by looking at how you can add terpenes to your own delta-8 products.
Some consumers find the terped delta-8 products already on market shelves to be just fine for their tastes, but other customers prefer having full control over their delta-8 supplementation. Customizing delta-8 distillates is a pretty simple process.
Below, we'll review two key rules to remember when doing this at home.
Delta 8 distillate is so viscous at room temperature that it's practically solid. The safest, most reliable way to gently heat the oil is by putting it in a shatter-proof glass container left in a warm water bath until the consistency is easier to incorporate terpene oil into it. The bath temperature should be close to boiling, between 150-175°F.
When selecting terpenes, consider not just the therapeutic properties but their flavors and aromas.
Start with conservative amounts; you can always add more later if needed. A good starting ratio is 1-2 drops (0.05-0.1ml) of terpenes per 1ml of delta-8 distillate.
For best results, leave the distillate to set for approximately 24 hours. The setting time allows the delta-8 distillate to fully infuse with your terpene blend.
]]>Fortunately for consumers, the health benefits of eucalyptol are some of the most accessible on the market. It can be vaped via vaporizer e-liquids, incorporated in cooking with the addition of bay leaves, applied topically through deep tissue massage with the use of tea tree oil, or even gargled in the form of infused mouthwash products.
Unlike more niche cannabis terpenes, eucalyptol has the added appeal of practical sources and uses outside of medical marijuana. In this post, we go over everything you need to know about eucalyptol; from its expansive therapeutic potential to the cannabis strains and essential oils particularly abundant in it.
Eucalyptol has a refreshing, slightly woody aroma with near-universal appeal, as evidenced in its use as fragrance in everything from cosmetics to personal care products and even household cleaners. When used in aromatherapy, eucalyptol provides a deep cooling effect, relaxing the body, stimulating the senses and relieving respiratory problems like head colds and nasal congestion.
Eucalyptol has a zesty, vaguely sweet taste reminiscent of mint. People can easily utilize the flavor of eucalyptol in the kitchen with the use of eucalyptus essential oil, sweet basil or rosemary. Eucalyptol is currently used as a flavoring ingredient in many foods and beverages, including chewing gum, hard candy and recreational drinks.
Eucalyptol, also commonly called "1,8-cineol," is frequently conflated with menthol because the eucalyptol smell is strikingly similar to that of fresh mints. While both are terpenes, there are a number of fundamental differences between eucalyptol and menthol worth remembering for more discerning consumers of terpenes.
Eucalyptol and menthol are two monoterpenoids derived from different plants. The former is obtained primarily from the eucalyptus tree, along with camphor laurel, bay leaves, sage brush and select strains of the cannabis plant. On the other hand, menthol is derived from the oils of mint plants like corn mint, peppermint and spearmint. Although both terpenes have a refreshing, cooling effect, they differ in their chemical composition, aroma and respective potential health benefits.
Eucalyptol is a terpene with antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This is what makes eucalyptus essential oil an effective remedy for colds, respiratory congestion and the common sinus infection. Eucalyptus oil is also known to have a strong, fresh aroma that can be used to stimulate cognitive function and invigorate the senses.
Menthol is perhaps best known for its distinctive minty smell and soothing effect. Menthol is commonly used in cough drops and inhalers to help relieve bronchial asthma and the unpleasant pain that frequently accompanies a sore throat. It can also be used topically as an effective treatment to provide pain relief from sore muscles or tension headaches.
While both eucalyptol and menthol have similar flavors and aroma profiles, their different beneficial properties make them suited for different purposes. Ongoing research is currently exploring evidence that suggests eucalyptol mitigates inflammation and can relieve symptoms of sinus infections like nasal congestion and facial pressure. In contrast, menthol is well established in existing research for its ability to provide pain relief and function as a bronchodilator.
The number of popular marijuana strains containing high levels of eucalyptol might surprise you, given the terpene is commonly associated with massage or aromatherapy products. Let's look at three examples of cannabis strains high in eucalyptol below.
Girl Scout Cookies is a hybrid cannabis strain said to have originated in San Francisco as a cross between OG Kush and Durban Poison. Girl Scout Cookies has a sweet, earthy flavor with hints of chocolate and coffee, producing effects that are simultaneously uplifting and relaxing. The strain is particularly popular among medical cannabis patients for its ability to relieve pain while boosting mood and appetite.
Dutch Treat is a cannabis strain that — like Girl Scout Cookies — is highly esteemed for its distinctly sweet and earthy flavor profile. As a hybrid cross between Haze and Northern Lights, this strain is a favorite among smokers because it provides a relaxed and euphoric high. Dutch Treat is known for its medical benefits, which include potent pain relief, reducing stress, and helping with sleep disorders.
Super Silver Haze is a sativa-dominant hybrid strain created by crossing Skunk #1 with Northern Lights and Haze. Not to be confused with Super Lemon Haze, Super Silver Haze has won multiple Cannabis Cup awards and is known for its cerebral high, uplifting effects, and pungent aroma. The strain is particularly suited for daytime use, and is often used to treat conditions such as fatigue and depression.
Finally, it's worth noting that cannabis isn't the only viable means of getting high doses of eucalyptol. It can be inhaled, infused, and used topically in various ways. To close out the article, let's take a quick look at three essential oils containing high amounts of eucalyptol.
Eucalyptus Oil is one of the most popular essential oils on the market today. Eucalyptus oil has a fresh, camphoraceous scent used in aromatherapy to open up the airways and promote decongestion. Eucalyptus oil has a wide range of benefits and uses, including the reduction of inflammation, stimulating circulation, improving mental clarity and reducing anxiety. Eucalyptus oil is most commonly used in diffusers and inhalers, but can also be found in a variety of topical products.
Tea Tree Oil has been used for centuries by the Aboriginal people of Australia for its healing properties. The main chemical component of the oil is terpinen-4-ol. This compound is responsible for the majority of its antimicrobial activity. Today tea tree oil has a wide range of uses, including the treatment of acne, athlete's foot, dandruff, and nail fungus. It can also be used as a natural disinfectant, and is a common mainstay in garden variety cleaning agents.
Wormwood Oil is a potent essential oil distilled from the leaves and flowers of the plant. Its strong, herbaceous aroma has made it a popular ingredient in many fragrances and perfumes, but its potent medicinal properties are what make it truly valuable. Wormwood essential oil has a long history of use in folk medicine. Its bitter taste was thought to help stimulate digestion and appetite. It was also used to treat a variety of digestive disorders, including indigestion, bloating, and gas.
The linalool terpene, sometimes called the lavender terpene, is an unsaturated monoterpene with a flowery and earthy aroma. It can be found in the essential oils of over 200 plants, including fragrant herbs, spices, flowers, citrus, mints, rosewood, and even birch trees. The plant most commonly cited for its high linalool content is lavender; its essential oil composition ranges from 20-47% linalool.
Linalool also contributes to some cannabis strains' pungent aromas and medicinal value. It's a valuable terpene with significant potential therapeutic benefits, making it one of the most important terpenes for patients looking for more holistic methods to improve their health and well-being via the endocannabinoid system.
This post will discuss the essential facts about linalool, from its flavor and aroma profile to examples of popular essential oils and marijuana strains containing it in high concentrations. We’ll also discuss its therapeutic potential and how it affects the marijuana experience.
What Are Terpenes?
Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds produced by most plants to either aid in proliferation or to protect them from pests and insects. The aromas and flavors of almost all plant life are created by combinations of terpenes that can sometimes number in the hundreds, as in the case of cannabis. Due to increased public interest, numerous terpenes are being researched for potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic effects.
Many assume linalool smells like lavender. However, pure linalool has a fresh and mild floral aroma with citrus notes. The products manufactured through synthetic processes, such as ours at True Blue, display slight odor variations. People often describe it as "sweet-smelling," but not quite as dominant as a grape or berry aroma.
Linalool generally has a somewhat floral yet not distinctly sweet flavor with earthy undertones. Its flavor profile tends to vary depending on its concentration. In infused cooking, linalool is usually best combined with other aromatic compounds and used in low concentrations.
So what does linalool do? Linalool and other terpenes have long been used in folk medicine due to their many health-positive effects and possible medicinal benefits. Their therapeutic benefits can affect people’s physiologically (e.g., to relieve inflammation), cognitive, and emotional functions (e.g., they may improve mood or focus). Below, we'll go over five of the most common possible benefits of the linalool terpene.
Linalool’s therapeutic potential is currently being researched further, particularly its viability as a natural alternative for countering anxiety and depression. Natural remedies like terpenes and essential oils are continuing to gain public interest, especially given the growing notoriety of side effects associated with conventional anxiety- and mood-regulating drugs.
Linalool's popularity is due to its aroma profile and its effects. It’s present in the essential oils of more than 200 different plants. We’ll address three of the most commonly available essential oils with high levels of linalool.
Whether in indicas, sativas or hybrids, there’s no shortage of cannabis strains containing linalool, including lavender kush, amnesia haze and the Earl Grey strain.
However, when considering some of the best high linalool strains on the market, three names come to mind:
Though it isn’t commonly a dominant terpene in the cannabis plant, marijuana strains containing linalool tend to provide relaxed and happy highs. Despite its reputation as a natural sedative and relaxant, users often describe strains high in linalool as uplifting and able to melt away stress.
Whether smoked or vaped via a dry herb vaporizer, it’s worth noting that linalool's sedative effects and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) properties aren't lost when consumed via marijuana. Linalool-rich strains like Lavender, Granddaddy Purple, Do Si Dos, and Kosher Kush are often recommended to those aiming to lower stress and anxiety levels. However, it’s important to be wary of this terpene’s ability to cause drowsiness in high doses, and either consume in moderation or at the end of the day with plenty of free time ahead.
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